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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
SYLLABUS SERIES 
No. 154 


\ 

THE CONTROL OF POVERTY 

ECONOMICS 180 

|T 

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\ 1923-24 


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THE CONTROL OF POVERTY 


ECONOMICS 180 

BY 

JESSICA B. PEIXOTTO 

Professor of Social Economics 



UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS 
BERKELEY CALIFORNIA^ 



University of California Syllabus Series 
No. 154. Issued August, 1923 


I UJK*mr Of CONGRESS - 

ReCtfVED 

NOV 14 1924 

documents oiv.g,^. 






THE CONTROL OF POVERTY 
ECONOMICS 180 

Topical Outline of the Course 
Introduction.—General Nature of Problems of Poverty. 

I. Scope and purpose of the study of poverty. 

II. Problems of poverty, economics, and the other social 
sciences. 

III. Bird’s-eye view of present day ways of meeting the 
problems of poverty. 

Part I.—Extent and Degree of Poverty 
Chapter I. Facts and conditions of poverty. 

Chapter II. The poverty line. 

Chapter III. Estimates of extent and intensity of poverty. 

Part II.—Contemporary Action to Alleviate, Diminish, or 
“Abolish” Poverty 

Chapter I. Voluntaryism or “social service.” 

Chapter II. Public action to minimize poverty. 

Chapter III. Social reform movements proposing a cure for 
poverty. 

Part III.—Certain Socio-economic Factors Usually Considered 
Causes of Poverty 

Chapter I. The personal factor. 

Chapter II. The standard of living as a determinant of 
poverty. 

Chapter III. Population and poverty. 

Chapter IV. Work and poverty. 

Chapter V. Adverse conditions in the home and poverty. 
Chapter VI. Leisure and poverty. 


•w i 


4 


Economics 180 


Part TV .—Explanations of Poverty as a Social Phenomenon 
Chapter I. Theological explanation of poverty. 

Chapter II. ‘Cast’ explanation. 

Chapter III. Explanations by economists. 

Chapter IV. Explanations by ‘radicals.’ 

Chapter V. Explanations by social workers. 

Part Y.—Incentives in Social Service 
Chapter I. The social incentives. 

Chapter II. Human nature and the under-dog. 

Part VI.—The Margin for Pioneering in Social Work Today 


The Control of Poverty 


o 


INTRODUCTION. GENERAL NATURE OF PROBLEMS 
OF POVERTY 

I.—Scope and Purpose of the Study of Poverty 

A. The purpose of this course is the consideration of those social 
activities and theories that result from the fact that all 
persons and families are not economically self-sufficient. 

II.— Problems of Poverty, Economics, and the Other 
Social Sciences 

A. Poverty is at once a problem of character; of family rela¬ 

tions; of sanitation and hygiene; of work and of leisure. 
It is likewise a political question. But first of all, the 
problem of the control of poverty is a question of economic 
relationships. 

B. Economic activity in general and the industrial organization 

of society in particular determine immediately the nature 
and the extent of poverty. 

C. The relation of the study of poverty to the study of politics, 

sociology, psychology, the natural sciences. Why the 
study of problems of poverty is primarily a question of 
social economics. 

III.—A Bird’s-eye View of Present Day Ways of Meeting 
the Problems of Poverty 

A. Contemporary agencies in the field of relief and prevention. 

1. Private activities for relief and prevention. 

2. Public organization for the same purpose. 

3. Overlapping and competition between private and public 

agents for social service. 

4. Need for further integration of all work aiming to control 

poverty. Proposals for better distribution of effort. 
Tendencies and developments in this direction. 








































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PART I 


THE EXTENT AND DEGREE OF POVERTY 


























































R. • 























































PART I. THE EXTENT AND DEGREE OF POVERTY 
Chapter I.—Facts and Conditions of Poverty 

A. Studies of urban poverty. 

1. The classical studies of the facts and conditions of poverty: 

Davies, Eden, Gaskel, Mayhew, Ribton-Turner, Ruggles, 
Engels, reports of commissions on poor law, on factories, 
on mines, etc. 

2. The several types of contemporary studies. 

a. Dramatic pictures of poverty conditions by “proslum” 
observers: Riis, Hunter, Spargo, W. Booth, Upton 
Sinclair, etc. 

1). Studies made in character: Flynt, Wyckoff, Van Vorst, 
Cornelia S. Parker, etc. 

c. The formal investigation or survey: Charles Booth; 

Rowntree; the Webbs; the Pittsburgh survey; the 
Springfield survey; the Cleveland survey, etc. 

d. Government investigations. 

e. Fiction writers and the ways of the poor. 

3. Why all these studies have been made; the sum of what 

they tell; what their influence has been. 

B. Studies of rural poverty. 

1. The relatively slight body of knowledge about rural poverty. 

2. What recent studies in morbidity, illiteracy, and income 

show about rural areas. 

3. Facts about standards and costs of living in rural districts. 

4. Merits of the current convention that rural life is always 

wholesome and country peoples invariably stronger and 
happier than urban populations. 

5. Movements to improve rural life; is “the urbanization of 

the country ’ ’ at hand f If attained, would it mean better 
community organization and social advantage ? 


10 


Economics 180 


Chapter II.— The Poverty Line 

A. The difficulty in drawing this line. 

1. Poverty terms. 

a. General terms. 

Indefiniteness of most terms describing the state of 
poverty: need, misery, pauperism, poverty, in¬ 
digence, dependency, destitution, the condition of 
the lower classes, the other half, the submerged 
tenth, the proletariat, etc. 

b. The definite terms. 

Pauperism, destitution, and dependency are definite 
terms. In what sense others besides persons in low 
income group may be called dependents. 

2. Defining poverty. 

a. Some representative definitions. 

b. Generic features of these definitions. 

1) A point of view about the state of poverty, or 

2) A point of view about poor people. 

c. Working definition. 

Viewed objectively and in last analysis poverty is an 
adverse relation between the flow of money income 
and the power to buy the goods and services con¬ 
sidered necessaries of life in a given locality at a 
given time. 

3. Classifying poverty. 

a. Conventional classifications. 

Voluntary and involuntary; worthy and unworthy; 
real and felt, etc. 

b. Rowntree’s classification. 

c. The advantages and disadvantages of classification. 




The Control of Poverty 11 

4. Drawing the poverty line. 

a. Traditional ways of drawing the poverty line. 

1) Poverty as character defect. 

If poverty be regarded as “individual peculiarities 
of earning and spending, ’ ’ the poverty line would 
run through society at curious zig-zags and curves 
dictated by varying codes of conduct. 

b. ‘Low’ income as poverty. 

1) Indefiniteness of this test because of want of a clear 

notion as to what income is low. 

2) No consensus of opinion about survival needs and the 

necessaries of life. 

c. Income contrasts and the poverty line. 

How gradations of income give program for drawdng 
the poverty line. 

d. Other factors. 

Chapter III. —Estimates of the Extent and Intensity of 

Poverty 

A. Methods of estimate. 

1. Studying the income shares of the several income groups. 

2. Other ways of estimating. 

B. Estimates of the extent of poverty. 

1. Estimates of the Fabian socialists, of Charles Booth, Rown- 

tree, Hunter, Spahr, and others. 

2. Recent estimates of the distribution of personal income in 

the United States, England, and other countries. 

3. Relative reliability and utility of these studies. 


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PART II 


CONTEMPORARY ACTION TO ALLEVI¬ 
ATE AND PREVENT POVERTY 















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PART II. CONTEMPORARY ACTION TO ALLEVIATE 
AND PREVENT POVERTY 


Chapter I.— Voluntaryism (Social Work) 

A. The general character of social work. * 

1. Definitions of the term. 

2. Wide prevalence of social work. 

a. The specialized fields that have emerged within this “new 
profession. ’ ’ 

3. Vocabulary of social work. 

a. Connotation of the following terms to social workers: 

charity, relief, philanthropy, social adjustment, social 
service, social pathology, social uplift, social justice, 
social welfare, child welfare, abolition of poverty, care 
of the poor, etc. 

b. Popular contempt for this vocabulary. 

1) Called “cant” phrases of sentimentalists or of smug 

dogmatists. 

2) Reasons and remedy. 

c. Need for a continuous review of the terminology of social 

work. 

B. Historical background of social work. 

1. Chronology of social work. 

a. Problem of where to begin and which trends of circum¬ 
stance to take into account. 

1) Chronological tables of social work developed by fol¬ 

lowing each of the eight special fields of social work 
from its beginnings; examples. 

2) Chronological tables of those events since the Indus¬ 

trial Revolution bearing particularly on prevention 
of poverty; examples. 

3) Outstanding traits of that part of the history of man¬ 

kind which has stirred voluntaryism. 


16 


Economics 180 


C. Leadership and leaders in the humanitarian movement. 

1. Role of personality in the relief and prevention of poverty. 

2. Persons who stand out in the history of the effort to reduce 

poverty. 

a. Notable leaders in 

1) England. 

2) United States. 

3) Other countries. 

D. Relief as remedy for poverty. 

1. The dependent classes: aged; sick poor; handicapped; de¬ 

pendent child; able-bodied unemployed. 

a. Classes to be relieved. 

b. Technique of institutional and outdoor care of the several 

classes of dependents, deficients, and delinquents a 
part of the subject in hand only as such relief work 
explains causes of poverty and proposes means to 
reduce it. 

2. Relief work that does not prevent. 

a. Dilettantism in relief. 

1) Casual charity. 

2) Vested benevolence. 

b. Formalism in relief work. 

1) Supplementing earnings. 

2) Teaching self-help and the disgrace of failure. 

c. Legalism and relief. 

1) Repression of mendicancy. 

2) Granting of minimum relief to bona fide needy, on the 

principles of uniformity less eligibility, and the 
work test. 

3) Settlement and removal. 

4) Defective poor-law administration. 

d. The general limitations of relief work as an agency for 

prevention. 


The Control of Poverty 


17 


3. Relief work and prevention. 
a. Curative treatment. 

1) Relief-giving according to a constructive plan based 
on the individual case. 
a) Value when well done. 
h) Pitfalls of “scientific charity.” 
h. The charity organization movement. 

1) History, methods, and present status of charity organ¬ 

ization societies. 

2) Potential strength of the charity organization societies 

as at once a voluntary agent for real relief and an 
interpreter of the ways and means to reduce poverty 
or to minimize it. 

c. Other preventive agencies working within the program 
of relief. 

E. The preventive programs of voluntary agencies. 

Voluntary agencies of many types have slowly grown up, all 
aiming to explain and to mitigate the condition of economic 
dependence. These are of two main types: 

1. Movements to understand and interpret the life of the poor, 
a. The settlement movement. 

1) History of the movement; its nature, objects, and re¬ 

sults. 

2) Present status of this movement. 

1). The survey. 

1) Evident service to the poor of surveys, past and pres¬ 
ent. 

2. Movements to extend all the opportunities of modern life 

to every member of the body politic. 
a. Movements for universal and free education. 

1) Adult education. 

a) Adult education closely connected with prevention 
of poverty. 

h) Movements for workers’ education. 


18 


Economics 180 


2) Juvenile education extended to all. 

3) Vocational education. 

a) Societies for specialized education in mechanical, 

commercial and agricultural pursuits; training in 
home economics, and in the arts and crafts. 

b) Aims and the serviceability of these movements. 

c) The vocational guidance bureau. 

d) English school care committees in this connection. 

b. Movements to prevent needless waste of life and to de¬ 

velop vitality. 

1) Public action to conserve health. 

a) Types: Public health centers; milk depots; schools 

for mothercraft. Public dispensaries; instruc¬ 
tional nursing, social service in hospitals; medical 
inspection, and nursing service in the schools. 
Public laundries; public baths, etc. 

b) General character of the public health service. Pur¬ 

pose, plan, and present status of these public 
health ventures: whether they should be carried 
on as special helps to the weaker members of a 
community; or as part of a universal provision 
for the general advancement of the health of the 
whole community. 

2) Private agencies for better health. 

a) Special ventures: School feeding; school bathing; 

prevention of blindness; care of exceptional chil¬ 
dren. 

b) Objects and results: What movements of this class 

aim to do; and what results are tangible. 

c) Other movements for better health standards. 

c. Movements to correct mental deviation or to prevent it. 
1) Typical national and local societies with this object. 


The Control of Poverty 


19 


d. Movements to arouse community spirit. 

1) Community organization movement. 

2) The social center. 

3) Neighborhood and improvement clubs. 

e. Movements to improve the conditions of work. 

1) Societies aiming to prevent unemployment and to dis¬ 

tribute work. 

2) Organizations for elimination of the fatigues and the 

dangers of the work hours. 

3) Industrial recreation. 

/. Movements to provide against hazards. 

1) Social insurance enterprises, public and private. 

g. Movements to raise the rate of wages. 

h. Movements to add quantity, variety, and quality to the 

leisure time of adults and children. 

1) The Playground movement. 

2) The Drama league. 

3) Musical societies, etc. 

i. Movements for tax reforms. 

j. Movements to educate consumers. 

1) Consumers ’ leagues. 

2) Cooperative societies. 

Chapter II.— Social Action to Minimize Poverty 

A. Poor laws as first steps. 

1. Historical development of poor laws. 

2. Poor laws as relief or as modes of wages. 

3. The net influence of poor laws. 


20 


Economics 180 


B. The trend of social legislation since the beginning of the nine¬ 

teenth century. 

1. Extension of the sphere of governmental activity in the 
interests of “public health and public morals.” 

a. Compulsory education. 

b. Regulation of working conditions. 

c. Enactments to maintain national homogeneity. 

d. Social insurance. 

* 

C. The leading principles of social legislation. 

1. Wrongs of the greatest number and the public conscience 

vs. laissez faire principles. 

2. Modifying the principle of freedom of contract. 

a. Why and how the trend of opinion now runs in the direc¬ 
tion of establishing social standards by the use of the 
police power. 

3. Dangers and advantages of legal action to alleviate and 

prevent poverty. 


Chapter III. The Social Reform Movements Proposing a 
Cure for Poverty 

A. The several contemporary schools proposing far-reaching 

social reforms. 

B. Incentives behind contemporary ‘radical’ movements. 

1. Disapproval of great wealth, especially of the contrasts be¬ 

tween the life of the rich and of the poor. 

2. Sympathy for the poor; disapproval of squalor; insistence 

upon the disabling nature of poverty. 

3. Hatred of inequality to the point of hating those who have 

place and power. 

4. Desire to have plenty for one’s self and to universalize 

plenty as well as all other opportunities of modern life. 

5. Desire to do away with all class distinction, legal or social. 


The Control of Poverty 


21 


C. Critique of the present social order. 

1. A ‘low 7 standard of living and a luxury standard both held 

to be anti-social; the physical and mental state of the 
poor and the conditions of life for the rich described 
with equal indignation. 

2. Income contrasts pronounced the root of all evils: the cause 

of whatever is bad in the ‘moral 7 conditions, the living 
conditions, and the working conditions of contemporary 
society. 

3. Status as well as wage of the worker said to be both unfair 

and impolitic. 

4. Defects in certain types of ownership and of contract 

pointed out; current modes of production and distri¬ 
bution, and the present competitive organization of in¬ 
dustry analyzed, to show a causal relation to the social 
maladjustments generally patent. These are in turn 
pronounced disastrous to human relationships and pro¬ 
ductive of social inequalities, altogether undesirable and 
unnecessary. 

D. The fundamental changes urged by the several schools. 

1. Community to organize and to control industry; to decen¬ 

tralize political organization and reduce political control 
to a minimum; to regulate social life in general in the 
interest of personal freedom (anarchists), or in the inter¬ 
ests of equality and the “good life 77 (communists). 

2. Centralized social control of the production of commodities 

to be gradually established through social ownership of 
production goods; social distribution of tasks, thus effect¬ 
ing the social distribution of personal incomes. All 
sources of income abolished except income from work. 
Consumption, theoretically, to be left uncontrolled (col¬ 
lectivism; state socialism; Marxism; Fabianism, etc.). 


22 


Economics 180 


3. Production goods to become the property of the workers 

organized as industrials in syndicates or guilds. Distri¬ 
bution of tasks and of income according to policies 
framed by each industrial organization; central political 
control eliminated; central social agencies devoid of 
police power to act only as agents for coordination by 
research and the spread of information (guild socialism, 
syndicalism, etc.) 

4. Social ownership of land (single tax; land nationalization 

movement). 

5. Consumers gradually to control industry; other institutions 

to be altered only as this fundamental change becoming 
operative would gradually modify them (cooperative 
movement). 

E. Tactics advocated for bringing about these changes. 

1. Education 

a. In new ideas of justice. 

b. In new principles of organization. 

c. In the social revolution. 

2. Political action. 

Party organization with a program of 

a. “ Impossibilism. ” 

b. Opportunism. 

3. Direct action. 

a. General strike. 

b. Shop action. 

c. Sabotage. 

4. Terrorism. 


PART III 


CERTAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS 
USUALLY CONSIDERED CAUSES 
OF POVERTY 























































































PART III. CERTAIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS 
USUALLY CONSIDERED CAUSES OF POVERTY 


Chapter I.— The Personal Factor 

A. Personal causes of poverty. 

1. Poverty as personal responsibility. 

a. The personal traits usually listed as causes of poverty 

and crime. 

b. What case records show about the individual’s responsi¬ 

bility for his poverty. 

B. Personal responsibility or social responsibility. 

1. The strength and weakness of the doctrine of individual 

responsibility for economic dependence. What each per¬ 
son can and cannot do to avoid poverty. 

2. The defects and the qualities of the theory that poverty is 

a social disease. 


Chapter II. —The Standard of Living as a Determinant of 

Poverty 

A. Nature of the standard of living. 

1. General notions. 

a. Terms of poverty and standard of living closely con¬ 

nected in current usage. 

b. Error of taking for granted that a study of the standard 

of living is a study of the ways of the poor. 

c. In this course, however, the interest centers on the nature 

and the causes of poverty, standards of living, the 
relation of such standards to low income and to 
the distribution of national and personal wealth. 


26 


Economics 180 


2. Standard of living defined. 

a. How various authorities define the term. 

b. The confusion of thought evidenced in these definitions. 

c. Standard of living, a stock of ideas and ideals relative to 

the satisfactions derived from use goods. 

3. Standard of living distinguished from plane of living. 

a. The difference between the standard of living and the 

plane of living: that is, the difference between the 
ideas and ideals of housing, food, clothing, work, 
recreation, family ties, politics, religion, on the one 
hand, and on the other the actual satisfactions that 
a given income permits. 

b. The logic and the utility of this distinction, particularly 

for the student of problems of poverty. 

4. Rating standards of living. 

a. Standards of living are commonly described as 

1) High, low, or normal, or 

2) Geographically, e.g., American, German, Oriental, etc. 

b. What these distinctions mean as currently used; what 

they amount to when frankly examined. 

c. By which test, standards of living may be most service¬ 

ably rated as high and low. 

d. Importance of giving the whole terminology of this sub¬ 

ject an accuracy that it now lacks. 

5. Elements determining the scale of wants. 

a. State of the arts. 

b. Current accumulation of wealth. 

c. Distribution of personal incomes. 

d. Custom and in particular the spending habits of the 

group with the largest incomes. 


The Control of Poverty 


27 


e. Prevailing methods of marketing goods. 

/. Geographical location. 

g. National factors. 

h. Sex and age. 

i. Controlling ideas about social classes. 

j. Personal preferences. 

k . Native propensities of human beings, ordinarily known 

as desires. 

How all these factors influence in varying degree the gen¬ 
eral way of living of each and all classes in a com¬ 
munity and finally determine what a given social 
group will consider the state of poverty. 

6. Certain fundamental distinctions important in this con¬ 
nection. 

The distribution of wealth vs. distribution of income; 
concentration of wealth vs. concentration of pro¬ 
duction; national (public) income and personal 
(private) income; nominal income and real income; 
income and purchasing power. 

B. Studies of family expenditures in the interests of the poor. 

1. The budget and the standard of living. 

a. Usage makes household budget and household account 

interchangeable terms. Reasons for this usage; reasons 
for abandoning it. 

b . Accounts of household expenditure the most important 

among the sources of information about ways of living. 

c. Through what other channels exact knowledge is gathered 

about habits of living and their costs. 


28 


Economics 180 


2. Brief history of ‘budget’ studies. 

a. Petty (1675), Vanderlist (1735), Cantillon (1750), 

Massie (1756), Davies (1787-95), Eden (1797), etc. 

b. The Le Play school (1855-99); its special character and 

its contribution to knowledge. 

c. Ernest Engel and his school. 

Engel’s law (1853); the modifications of it that recent 
research has made necessary. 

d. The later English studies: Booth (1899), Rowntree 

(1901-1918), Bowley (1913, 1915), etc. 

e. The notable budget studies in the United States before 

1914: United States government studies; More (1907), 
Byington (1909), Chapin (1909), etc. 

/. Investigations during and since the war (1916-21). 


3. The general and special purposes of budget studies. 

a. The tax gatherer’s interest. 

b. Determining the purchasing power of a community. 

c. Settling the terms and the amount of a given standard 

of living for purposes of 

1) Relief as 

a) subsistence, 

b) “adequate relief.” 

2) Estimating 

a) The wage that will provide for “reproduction of 
the working class.” 

b) The wage that will provide for increasingly efficient 
workers and capable citizens. 







The Control of Poverty 


29 


C. The technique of studying the ways of living and their costs. 

1. Methods of displaying family expenditure: 

a. Household expense accounts. 

b. Household budgets. 

1) Pecuniary budgets. 

2) The “quantity and cost estimate.” 

The comparative utility of these three methods. 

2. Quantity and cost estimate. 

a. Determination of the budget level. 

1) Meaning of term ‘budget level.’ 

2) Budget levels now in use. 

a) Pauper or poverty level. 

b) Minimum of subsistence level. 

c) Minimum of health and decency level. 

d ) Minimum of health and comfort level; why a health 

and comfort level might profitably be added. 

b. Social data. 

Necessary facts about the size and the make-up of the 
family, the age, nationality, occupation, etc. 

c. Income. 

Thorough analysis of all possible sources of income, 
most desirable in relation to budgets and poverty. 

d. Expenditure. 

1) Classifying the commodities and services to be bought. 

a) The classical divisions of household expenditure, 

food, shelter, clothing, sundries. 

b) Current modifications and elaborations of these 

divisions. 

c) A tentative plan for the allotment of major items 

in a family budget. 


30 


Economics 180 


2) Listing the items under each division of expenditure. 

3) Taking account of the total stock likely to be on hand. 

4) Assigning the quantity of each commodity or service 

required annually. 

5) Fitting the unit price and the total cost to each quan¬ 

tity. 

6) Finding the total cost of a given standard of living 

and comparing this with earning-power; 

7) Studying the details of the total of goods and services 

required by a certain standard of living, measuring 
what it represents. 

a) Real needs (survival needs). 

b) Necessary conformity to class standard and the 
other elements of the prevailing standard of living. 

8) The old question of luxuries. 

a) The utility of budget studies in drawing the poverty 
line in a given community at a given time. 


D. The cost of living, wages, and the standard of living. 

1. The cost of living. 

Nature and causes of price fluctuation: how the level of 
prices, and, especially, sudden changes in price levels, 
affect the problems of poverty. 

2. Rates of wages. 

a. Importance of the facts and theories connected with rates 

of wages and earning power, for the student of prob¬ 
lems of poverty. 

b. The masses of mankind live on the lower limit of bare 

physical subsistence. IIow the several wage theories 
explain this: the subsistence theory; wages fund 
theory; productivity theories; standard of living 
theory; bargain theory; functional-theory. 


The Control of Poverty 


31 


E. The minimum wage and the standard of living. 

1. What a minimum or ‘living’ wage seems to be. Why the 

relation between fixing a living wage and a program for 
the prevention of poverty is so often overlooked. 

2. Efforts by individuals and trade unions to get the living 

wage. 

3. The legal minimum wage. 

a. History of the minimum wage legislation in modern 
times. 

1). The present situation. 

1) Minimum wage for" women and other individual 

workers. 

2) Movement for a family basic income. 

3) Movement for a “national minimum” of subsistence 

and of opportunity. 

c. Most legislation for a minimum wage has called for a 

knowledge of “the necessary costs of proper living.” 

1) Why this phrase now has little real content. 

2) Need for translation into something like a quantity 
and cost estimate. 

d. Effect of the use of quantity and cost estimates upon 

wage rates. 

F. Poverty in relation to the use of income. 

1. Expenditure and the poor. 

a. Facts about the spending of poverty people. 

b. Essential differences in comparison with other spenders. 

c. Class standards of expenditure; the rational theories of 

spending and the poor. 

d. Who needs most training in expenditure, the well-to-do 

or the poor? 


32 


Economics 180 


2. Thrift and poverty. 

a. The doctrine of thrift. 

b. Hobson’s theory of over-saving. 

c. Movements for training in thrift. 

1) Thrift campaigns. 

2) Home economics and thrift. 

3. Movements for lowered costs and thrifty purchasing. 

a. Free markets and other expedients for cheaper market¬ 

ing of products. 

b. The cooperative movement: cooperative retailing; cooper¬ 

ative buying; cooperative housekeeping. 

c. Standardization of consumption. 

1) What the term means. 

2) In what ways those who propose standardized con¬ 

sumption expect it to reduce poverty. 

3) Counter-arguments. 

Chapter III.— Population and Poverty 
A. General considerations. 

1. Obvious connection between population and poverty. 

2. Long standing interest in the ratio between natural re¬ 

sources and the number of human beings. 

3. More recent concern about the quality of a population has 

lead to the current creed that the prosperity or poverty 
of social groups depends finally upon the quality of the 
population even more than upon the quantity. 


The Control of Poverty 


33 


4. The familiar and contradictory doctrines of population. 

a. The Malthusian theory. 

1) Main propositions. 

2) Neo-Malthusianism. 

b. Objections to Malthusianism. 

1) Theological. 

2) Militarist. 

3) Kameralist. 

4) Socialist. 

B. The quality of the population. 

1. The ‘unfit’ and poverty. 

a. Comparatively recent interest in the qualitative aspects 

of the population. 

b. Meaning of unfit. Difficulties of precise identification 
and classification of the type. 

c. The unfit in the sense of mental and moral deviates, a 

fruitful source of dependency and crime. 

1) Earlier studies of the defectives. 

2) Recent studies, findings, and comments. 

2. Prevention of subnormality. 

a. The contemporary program for discovering mental limi¬ 

tation. 

b. The program for preventing mental and physical sub- 

normality. 

The relative merits of current methods: custodial care; 
extermination; sterilization. 

c. The layman’s part: “watchful waiting.” 

d. Eugenics as means of prevention. 

The movements for sex hygiene, mental hygiene, and 
eugenics: what they aim to do, what they may do, 
and what they probably cannot do. 


34 


Economics 180 


C. Quantity of the population and poverty. 

1. Movements to reduce population. 

a. General incentive for such movements, a rising objection, 

theoretical or practical, to the large family, and 
especially a belief that large families are an active 
cause of poverty. 

b. Large families. 

1) What a * large family’ is. 

2) The proportion of large families in relief cases. 

3) The varying proposals for meeting the problem the 

large family represents. 

a) Mothers’ pensions. 

b) Birth control. 

c) Government support of all children below the legal 
age of self-support. 

c. The 'small family’ system. 

1) The prevailing influences that tend to reduce the size 

of the family. 

2) The present “census family” in United States com¬ 

pared with that in other countries. 

3) Facts behind the dictum that “the size of the family 

varies with the social and economic status.” 

4) Effects of the small family system on the poverty line. 

2. Movements to increase population. 
a. Urging a larger birth rate. 

1) The “race suicide” movement and poverty people. 

2) The merits of the theory that economic welfare re¬ 

quires a surplus labor supply. 


The Control of Poverty 


35 


l). Reducing the death rate. 

1) The movements for preventing needless loss of life. 
a) The program for preventing infant and maternal 
mortality: birth registration; prenatal and post¬ 
natal care ; child hygiene; sex hygiene; eugenics ; 
etc. How and why public and private health 
movements with this purpose in view have done 
much to prevent infant mortality and to reduce 
the chances of death for all classes, but especially 
for the poor since^he poor are the most numerous 
class. 

D. Immigration and poverty. 

1. Terms of the problem for the student of low income groups. 

The speculative issue in the population question lies be¬ 
tween Neo-Kameralism and Neo-Malthusianism; the 
practical issue especially in the United States centers 
about the problems of immigration and emigration, 
particularly the former. 

For the student of poverty the main questions are these: 

a. If numbers of persons, for the most part full grown and 
with differing traditions, are added to a given popula¬ 
tion, does this mean decrease of the productiveness of 
the native stock, lowering of national efficiency, lower¬ 
ing of the national standard of living; and therefore, 
increase of national poverty, dependency, and crime? 
Would restriction of immigration go far toward the 
control of poverty? 

1). Can all ordinary increases in population through immi¬ 
gration be met by increased production and is such 
increase in production dependent upon immigrants? 

To answer these questions intelligently, the facts and 
problems of immigration must be reviewed. 


Economics 180 


2. Facts about immigration to United States. 

a. Facts regarding those that come to the United States: 
their numbers, race, social and economic status, etc. 

3. The causes of immigration. 

a. The several causes of immigration: race oppression, mili¬ 

tarism, political revolution, taxation, famine, poverty, 
vice, overstimulation by commercial agents, etc. 

b. Relation to one another (1) the nature of the incentive 

to emigrate; (2) tht grade of the immigrant; and 
(3) the immigrant’s probable effect upon national 
prosperity. 

4. Assimilation of the immigrant. 

a. Object of assimilation, a homogeneous national life. 

b. Obstructions to assimilation. 

c. Movements to assist assimilation. 

1) Organized movements to remove the disabilities of 

ignorance, of language, of friendlessness, etc.: The 
settlements, immigrant protective leagues, commis¬ 
sions of immigration. 

2) Methods and actual influence of these services in re¬ 

moving the immigrant’s disabilities. 

5. Distribution of immigrants. . 

a. Tendency to congestion in large cities. 

1) Causes: the wish to be near fellow-countrymen; the 
desire for better opportunities for work, schooling, 
recreation and the like. 

b. What can be done for better distribution. 

The merits of what has been done by agricultural 
colonization, industrial removal bureaus, etc. 

What the government might do. 


The Control of Poverty 


37 


6. Restriction of immigration. 

a. Restrictive legislation. 

1) Brief history of restrictive legislation. 

2) The light the history of restrictions seems to throw 

upon the question. 

h. The list of “ non-assimilables ’ ’ defined by federal statute 
and the motives that have probably determined such 
a list. The inherent difficulties of drawing up a list 
of “undesirable citizens.” 

c. Arguments for restriction. 

1) The risk of unchecked immigration. 

2) The great importance of the question whether restric¬ 

tion would control poverty, and the real impedi¬ 
ments to answering it with confidence. 

d. Arguments against restriction. 

7. Effects of immigration. 

a. Theories and facts about the effects of immigrants upon 
the quantity and the quality of a population. 

How the relation of our immigrant population to social 
stratification, to city life, the standard of living, the 
rate of wages, industrial efficiency, crime, etc., is vari¬ 
ously regarded. 

8. The Americanization movement. 

a. Purposes of the movement. 

1) Merits of the call for a more or less nationalistic dis¬ 

paragement of the language and traditions of those 
who come to settle among us. 

2) National homogeneity and progress. 

9. The question whether the immigration problem is funda¬ 

mentally one of conflicting economic interests. 


38 


Economics 180 


Chapter IV. —Work and Poverty 

A. The organization of industry and poverty. 

1. Relation of the present industrial order to poverty. 

a. How the characteristic features of modern industrial 

society affect low income groups: private property; 
machine production; the factory system; the wage 
system; regularization of work; capital and credit; 
world economy; business and labor combinations and 
collective bargaining; business cycles; and increased 
interdependence of all parts of the industrial struc¬ 
ture. 

b. Town life, the factory and the poor. 

1) How the factory and the machine process, along with 

the business discipline superinduced by these two, 
have changed the life of low income groups in cities. 

2) Reaction of the slum and slum dwellings upon the 

worker and the work process. 

c. Home life, the factory and the poor. 

1) The good and the evil effects of the modern industrial 
process on the home life of wage workers. 

B. Children, wage work and poverty. 

1. The problem child labor presents. 

a. Rise of child labor, facts and causes. 

b. Demand for child labor. 

1) Grounds on wdiich it is made: ( a ) the needs of in¬ 
dustry; ( b ) need of the parent; (c) ultimate ad¬ 
vantage to child and parent, etc. 

c. Rise and growth of the movement to prevent child labor. 
1) Facts and principles that lead students of poverty 

conditions to insist that the labor of children swells 
the list of prematurely dead and increases the num¬ 
ber of incompetent or immoral men and women. 


The Control of Poverty 


39 


2. Limitation of child labor. 

a. Voluntaryism in this connection. 

h. Legislation to protect children from wage work. 

1) The world movement away from child labor. 

2) The state laws in the United States affecting child 

labor. General character of these laws. 

3) The conflicting standards they represent. 

4) A federal child labor law. 

a) Story of past attempts to secure federal legislation 
against child labor. 
h) The present situation. 

3. A standard child labor law. 

a. What such a law should prohibit: kind of employment, 
long hours, etc. 

h. What it should prescribe: education, etc. 

c. Assuring law enforcement. 

d. Regulation of child labor raises two important questions: 

1) Are all children to be excluded from all wage work? 

If so, why? If not, nature and grounds for ex¬ 
emption. 

2) When is a child fit to enter the field of wage work? 

4. Family income and child labor. 

a. Question of compensating parents forced to do without 
the earnings of their children. 

5. The school as substitute for the shop. 

a. Whether the school can and does provide an adequate 
substitute for the training wage work gives. Relation 
between child labor and the school curriculum. 

h. Vocational training and vocational guidance, placement 
bureaus, etc., in this connection. 

c. Prevention of child labor, the eradication of a most fruit¬ 
ful source of poverty and crime; enforcement of uni¬ 
versal school attendance probably the final remedy for 
child labor. 


40 


Economics 180 


C. The adult, the work period, and poverty. 

1. Industrial hazards and the poor. 

a. The story, now well known, of how men came to see the 
close connection between poverty, low and irregular 
wages, and the conditions of employment. 

1) How evil work places developed; the social reaction. 

2) The ‘long working day’: what the term means; its 

effect on home life, health and efficiency. 

2. The sweat shop system. 

a. What ‘sweating’ means. 

b. How and where the sweating system still pertains. 

c. Relation between the system and poverty; cause and 

effect 

d. The fight against the system. 

3. Hazards of work and poverty. 
a. Dangerous processes. 

1). Accidents. 

4. Insecurity of work. 

a. Amount of unemployment. 

1) Lack of work, next to ill health, the greatest perpetual 
hazard for the worker. 

b. Historic character of want of work. 

c. Irregularity of work. 

1) Types: 

a) Occasional or casual. 

b) Seasonal. 

c) General unemployment. 

2) Different reaction of each of these upon the state of 

poverty. 


The Control of Poverty 


41 


d. Causes of unemployment. 

1) Unemployment, a special problem as yet neither fully 

analyzed nor answered. 

2) Current explanations: industrial warfare; periodic 

business depression; immigration, etc. 

e. The unemployed. 

1) Distinction between the problem of unemployment 

and the problem of the unemployed. 

2) Unemployed and unemployable. 

Importance of classifying those out of work before 
undertaking remedial measures for them. Typi¬ 
cal classifications of the workless, by the Webbs, 
Beveridge, and others. 

3) The able-bodied unemployed. 

a) The theoretical and practical merits of the program 

with reference to the able-bodied unemployed in 
the minority report of the Royal Commission on 
the Poor Laws. 

b) Attempts to organize the labor market; distress 

committees, employment bureaus, national and 
local, public and private; their objects, methods 
and utility. Examples. Vocational guidance 
and vocational schools in this connection. 

c ) Insurance against unemployment, what it can and 

what it cannot do. Recent proposals. 

4) The unemployable. 

a) The special problems this class presents. 

b) The question of the proportion of unemployables 

to unemployed; and of the proportion of ‘can’t 
works’ to ‘won’t works.’ 


42 


Economics 180 


c ) The question of causes. 

i) The tramp and vagrant a problem of crime, 

pauperism, or mental deviation, rather than 
one of poverty. 

ii) What seems to make the other unemployables. 

d) Remedies. The present fatuous way of treating the 

unemployable. 

i) The remedies offered by private agencies: mis¬ 

sions, woodyards, industrial stores, municipal 
lodging houses, soup kitchens. What they are 
and what the sum of their influence seems to be. 

ii) Prevention probably the only real remedy. 

5. Women in industry and poverty. 

a. Presence of women in industry adds certain special prob¬ 
lems. 

The student of causes of poverty must find some answer 
to the following fundamental questions about women 
at wage work: 

1) Do women work for wages only, because of economic 

necessity ? 

2) Do other influences lead them into business enterprise? 

If so, what are these influences? 

3) Is special regulation of the hours and the wages of 

women desirable for society? For the individual? 

4) When mothers must earn, is the home life signally 

influenced for evil and in what ways? 

5) Is the relative inefficiency and poor bargaining power 

of women at wage work, a sex characteristic, a lack 
of vocational interest or a response to canons of 
behavior ? 

6) Difficulties in finding the answer. More facts and 

clearer thinking needed to answer these questions. 


The Control of Poverty 


43 


6. Remedying the risks of industry. 

a. General character of the struggle for better wages, 
shorter hours, better work places, and greater security 
of employment. 

h. Methods of protecting the workers’ income and the con¬ 
ditions of their work. 

1) Trade unionism. 

2) Labor legislation. 

3) Social insurance. 

D. Occupation, standards of life, income contrasts, and poverty. 

1. Direct interrelation among these four social factors. 

a. Influence of each in determining success in the task of 
‘getting a living.’ 

h. How all these factors operate beyond what legal regula¬ 
tion may be able to do for workers. 

2. Influence of the relative status accorded different occupa¬ 

tions. 

a. How the social evaluation of occupations arises. 

h. How it reacts upon opportunity and income. 

c. Wherein income contrasts and the status ascribed to 
occupations are related to poverty questions. 

3. Standards of life and work. 

a. The sharply defined interrelation between poverty, the 
social estimate of occupations, and the established 
ways of living. 


44 


Economics 180 


Chapter V.—Adverse Conditions in the Home 

A. Disease and poverty. 

1. The facts that connect ill health with poverty. 

a. What case records show. 

b. The findings in field studies by social workers and public 

health agents. 

2. The “better national vitality” program. 

a . General character of the public health agitation during 

the nineteenth century. 

b. The contemporary movement for improved vitality. 

1) Purpose and program for personal hygiene; public 
hygiene and sanitation; industrial hygiene, etc. 

c. Machinery for education and enforcement. 

1) Public health boards, their nature, functions, and 

special relation, if any, to the poor. 

2) Which is likely to have most effect in controlling slum 

conditions, health authorities or police authorities? 

3) The relatively slight public interest in health depart¬ 

ments; reasons. 

d. The public health officer. 

1) Qualifications; functions; influence. 

e. The public health nurse. 

1) What the public health nurse is and w T hat she is not. 

2) The case worker and the public health nurse. 

/. What the public health movement can do and what it 
cannot do for low income groups. 

3. The modern doctor and the program for limiting the 

poverty caused by disease. 


The Control of Poverty 


45 


B. Housing and poverty. 

1. Housing, health and morals. 

a. The house problem arises because millions live in dwell¬ 
ings below any defensible standard of convenience, 
public health, or public morals. 

2. The housing agitation. 

a. The tenement house agitation in New York and other 
large cities of the United States. 

h. Findings of later housing surveys: 

1) Types of dwellings that low incomes can buy in large 

cities, suburbs, and rural districts. 
a ) The homes deserted by the well-to-do. 
h) New homes commercially built and commercially 
kept up. 

2) Insufficient number of dwellings. 

3) “Landlordism”: in what it consists, and how far it 

works especial evils for the poor. 

c. Causes of bad housing. 

1) Causes usually given for bad housing conditions : cap¬ 

italistic greed, thirst for urban life, desire to be 
near work, racial sociability, legal or social restric¬ 
tions, etc. 

2) Relative share of each of these causes in producing a 

given situation. 

3) How the low income, high rental, ignorance, habits 

of overcrowding, social prejudices, profit seeking, 
and other causes combine to complicate the situa¬ 
tion. 


46 


Economics 180 


3. Housing legislation. 

a. Public demand for better dwellings. 

1) From tenement house agitation to tenement house law. 

New York tenement house legislation and laws of 
other states aim to define ‘‘ reasonably good shelter. ’ ’ 

2) Sources of general opposition to housing legislation. 

b. Types of housing legislation. 

1) Restrictive and constructive housing law. 

2) Leading requirements of tenement house laws as out¬ 

lined by specialists. 

3) How ‘housing law’ differs from ‘tenement house’ law. 

4) Importance of promoting both types of legislation. 

4. Better housing for the poor. 

a. The several agents proffering better and cheaper dwell¬ 
ings. 

1) Multiple dwellings under philanthropic rental and 

control. 

2) Cooperative or voluntary schemes, building associa¬ 

tions, etc. 

3) Industrial housing. 

4) Municipal housing. 

a) Continental experiments in providing cheap urban 

dwellings through city governments. 

i) Types of dwellings. 

ii) The several means by which the dwellings are 

provided. 

iii) Estimate of the results of such experiments in 

Germany, France, Belgium, etc. 

b) Movements in Great Britain to meet the housing 

question by city ownership. 


The Control of Poverty 


47 


h. City planning. 

1) The Garden City movement and kindred city planning 

enterprises. 

2) Methods, results, and present status. 

c. Suburban residence as a solution of the housing, question. 

1) Pros and cons of this remedy. 

2) Relation of rapid and cheap transportation to this 

question. 

Some unsettled questions. 
a. Tenantry. 

1) To own or to rent. 

a) Problem of ownership in relation to dwelling site 
property. 

h) Current preconceptions and prejudices; relevant 
facts. 

c ) Can wage workers especially afford to own their 

homes. 

d) Status of current opinion on the question of the 

pecuniary costs of owning a home compared with 
other values attached thereto. 

2) To what extent does personal, corporate, or municipal 

ownership of a habitation determine its service¬ 
ability in home-making. 

h. Separate dwellings or group dwellings. 

1) The controversy as to separate or multiple dwellings. 

2) Basis of the argument that the separate dwelling is 

the only place for home making. 

3) Merits of counter-arguments in favor of group dwell¬ 

ings. 


48 


Economics 180 


c. Single tax, land nationalization, and housing. 

The movement for single tax and land nationalization 
as related to housing and especially to the housing 
of the poor. 

d. Custom and the housing question. 

1) Role of the psychological factor in this whole question, 

that is, the relation between house, home and ‘in¬ 
dividuality. ’ 

2) The role of established usage in determining what 

housing laws can do and what they cannot do. 

e. Making ‘good’ tenants. 

1) The Octavia Hall movement: its objects, methods, and 

results. 

2) Whether and wherein this movement has any special 

elements of promise. 

C. Family ties and poverty. 

1. What statistics tell. 

How ease histories and other sources of information con¬ 
nect poverty and crime, particularly child dependency, 
with delinquency and family desertion with break¬ 
down in family life. 

a. The ‘broken home.’ 

1) What the term implies. 

2) Influences making for instability of family life in all 

income groups. 

a) Urban and industrial conditions. 

b) Ignorance of the meaning of the marriage contract. 

c ) Clash of old and new dogmas of personal indepen¬ 

dence and family organization; thus the clash of 
theories about the place and the privilege of each 
member of the family. 


The Control of Poverty 


49 


d) Economic status of women. 

e) Divorce laws. 

/) Contradictory views on sex relations and age rela¬ 
tions. 

3) How these influences bear especially upon poverty 
situations. 

h. Family responsibility and poverty, 

1) Large family and irregular earnings. 

a) Frequency with which family support is thrown off. 
h) Desertion a fruitful cause of poverty. 

c) Difficulties of dealing with desertion. 

2) Young persons called upon to support families. 
a) The facts. 

h) Whether and at what age such responsibility can 
and should be imposed and borne. 

c. The home as the agent to mitigate poverty conditions. 
1) Unsettled aspects of home life. 

a) Center for a fixed rule of life, or center for con¬ 
tinuous mutual concession irrespective of age or 
sex or hereditary privileges? 
h) Extension of property rights and home life. 

c) The school and the home. 

d ) Decreasing size of the family and the home. 

e) Headship in the home. 

/) The work process and home life.. 

g) Size of the house and home life. 

h) Income and home life. 


50 


Economics 180 


Chapter VI. —Leisure and Poverty 

A. Anarchic recreation and poverty people. 

1. Leisure time activities as the cause of poverty. 

a . Testimony as to the sinister effect upon efficiency and 

income of the traditional Saturday night spree, gam¬ 
bling, and other ‘ primitive ’ pleasures often considered 
‘real’ and ‘manly’ recreation. 

b. The old theory connecting the use of leisure with mis¬ 

chief and poverty. 

B. Nature of leisure time activity. 

1. Precise nature of leisure. 

a. Elusive difference between work and play. 

b. Human need for relaxation. 

1) The crave for amusement now asserted and justified 

by physiologist, psychologist, anthropologist, and 
historian. 

2) This natural crave, like every other, does not neces- 

' sarily act as a healthful social force. 

3) The new stress on recreation as an individual and 

social prophylaxis. 

c. Mankind and recreation. 

1) What history and anthropology tell us about the 

people at play. 

2) What recent recreation surveys show about the way 

modern people in large cities use their leisure. 

d. Recreation and personal liberty. 

1) General conventions on this subject. 

2) Proposals for social action. 


The Control of Poverty 


51 


C. Commercialized recreation. 

1. The liquor traffic. 

a. The nature of liquor consumption. 

1) Drinking, the most general and the most widely com¬ 

mercialized of the pleasures of the senses. 

2) Some theories as to why men seek alcoholic or other 

stimulants. 

a) ‘Misery’ drinking, industrial drinking, and ‘heredi¬ 
tary’ drinking; the nature of each and the con¬ 
nection of each with poverty. 
h) Convivial drinking. 

i) Statistics show that as an aspect of recreation 

drinking plays the principal role in relating 
leisure to poverty and crime. 

ii) Why a study of drunkenness proves to be chiefly 

the consideration of a recreational habit. 

c) Drink in relation to health. 

d) Drink, unemployment, and earning power. 

e) Family expenditure and expenditure for liquor. 

h. Proposed remedies. 

Social control of the liquor traffic: 

1) Education. 

a) Essential educational measures. 
h ) How much may be expected from an appeal to fear, 
self control, or change of taste. What educational 
societies seem able to accomplish. 

2) Regulation. 

a) The several experiments in regulation: 

i) Prohibition. 

ii) Local option. 

iii) High license. 

iv) Gothenburg system. 

v) State or municipal monopoly. 

vi) State dispensary. 


52 


Economics 180 


* 


5) The relative merits of each of these experiments. 

c) Law enforcement and public opinion. 

d) The utility and the difficulty of an attempt to 

formulate any general principles for the control 
of the liquor traffic. 

3) Substitution. 

a) The protests of those who have relatively little faith 

in compulsion. 

i) Causes of the stout resistance the distributor of 

liquor is able to offer. 

ii) Social role of the saloon keeper. 

iii) Growing recognition of the legitimate satisfac¬ 

tion for which the saloon and similar commer¬ 
cialized pleasures stand. 

b) Substitutes for saloons; their nature, cost, and ex¬ 

pediency. 

c) Substituting new interests. 

The motion picture, motoring, etc., as competitors 
with the saloon, the spree, and the debauch. 

2. The drama. 

a. Definition. 

The term ‘drama’ summarizes ideas and ideals regard¬ 
ing feats of mimicry and joy in ‘make-believe.’ 

b. Social influence of the drama, human and ‘canned,’ wider 

than ever before. 

c. The poor and the world of mimicry. Influence of low 

income groups upon it and its influence upon them. 

d. Cheap amusements. 

1) Popular ‘amusements.’ 

a) The vaudeville, the burlesque, the melodrama, etc. 

2) In what the ‘cheapness’ of low-priced amusements 

consists, and especially wherein lies the intrinsic 
difference between high-priced and low-priced 
amusement. 



The Control of Poverty 


53 


e. Censorship of public amusement. 

1) Nature of censorship. 

2) Methods of censorship. 

3) Net gains of censorship. 

4) Problems of the amusement vendor. 

a) The social results when ‘business methods’ are ap¬ 
plied to the stage. 

h) Legitimate rights of the amusement vendor. 

/. Community drama and music. 

1) Purpose, character, and probable future of this move¬ 
ment. 

3. The dance. 

a. Conflicting opinions about dancing. 
h. Types of dancing. 

c. Motives and pleasures of the dance. 

d. The public dance hall. 

1) What surveys have shown such places to be. 

2) The lost opportunity of dance halls. 

3) Close relation of the ‘dance problem’ to the liquor 

problem. 

4) What has been done and what can be done to turn a 

possible menace into a factor for healthy amusement 
and efficiency. 

e. Socializing dancing. 

1) What the community organization movement, the set¬ 

tlements, the school centers, and the church centers 
are doing about dancing. 

2) What can be done further. 

4. Commercialization of the sex interest. 

a. In what sense this subject relates itself to recreation and 
to poverty and crime. 

h. Present-day reformers in this field face afresh an age¬ 
long problem. 


54 


Economics 180 


c. The economic aspects of the ‘vice’ question. 

d. Custom, double sex standards, and the poor. 

e. Statistics. 

1) The classes of persons most often found in the. ‘busi¬ 

ness’ of stimulating interest in the ‘game of sex.’ 

2) The profits in this field. Relative earning power of 

women. 

3) The mortality in this trade. 

4) Relation of sex immorality to poverty. 

5) Whether commercialized vice is a ‘necessary evil.’ 

/. The movements afoot for control. 

1) Vice surveys. 

2) Societies for moral prophylaxis, sex hygiene, etc. 

3) Legislation against the white slave traffic, social legis¬ 

lation, etc. 

4) Net results. 

D. Community action and the use of leisure. 

1. Legislation and recreation. 

a. Custom and restrictions upon legislation in this field. 

I). Restrictive regulation of leisure time pursuits. 

1) Tradition and restrictive control of amusement. 

2) Examples of restrictive regulations. 

c. Constructive regulation. 

1) Theories opposing constructive regulation. 

2) The contemporary program for the public inspection 

and better social organization of leisure time pur¬ 
suits. 

3) Role of voluntaryism. 

How personal and group influences have furthered 
the organization of the leisure time of adults and 
children. 


PART IV 


EXPLANATIONS OF POVERTY AS A 
SOCIAL PHENOMENON 





' 
























































































PART IV. EXPLANATIONS OF POVERTY AS A SOCIAL 
PHENOMENON 

Chapter I. —Theological Explanations of Poverty 

A. Poverty a part of the divine order. 

1. Supreme opportunity for expiation of original sin. 

a. Discipline. 

b. Exemption from the embarrassments of riches. 

c. Predestination and poverty classes. 

2. St. Francis and the beatification of poverty. 

B. Recent modifications of this view. 

1. Christian socialism and poverty. 

a. Catholic socialism. 

b. Protestant socialism. 

2. Contemporary tendencies in theological circles to modify 

the older theological explanations. 

C. Socio-economic theories and practices, and the theological 

explanation of poverty. 

Chapter II.— Caste Explanations 
A. Early caste theories. 

1. Theory of a social order with classes in gradation from for¬ 
tunate to unfortunate. 

a. Earlier doctrines. 

1) Poverty is inferiority, mental, intellectual, physical, 
or moral. 

b. Present status of this theory. 


58 


Economics 180 


B. Current notions about ‘walks of life.’ 

1. Poverty, the opportunity for the exercise of humility, con¬ 

tentment, and industry. 

2. Poverty, the spur to ambition, the chance for achievement 

and distinction. 

C. Social classes and poverty. 


Chapter III.— Explanations by Economists 

A. Poverty in general due to underproduction and lack of pur¬ 

chasing power. 

1. Arguments for unchecked industrial activity under compe¬ 
tent leadership as final cure for national poverty. 

B. Anti-poor law theories of poverty. 

1. Legal aid of the poor, a doubtful economic good. 
a. More than subsistence aid creates dependency. 

J). Less than case treatment develops pauperism. 

2. Poor laws useless if not harmful because they tend to be¬ 

come a mode of wages. 

3. Poor laws objectionably menace effort; need gives spur to 

effort. 

4. Substitutes for poor law sanctioned by classical economic 

theory. 

a. Private benevolence. 

1). Employment. 

C. Malthusian explanation of poverty. 

1. Poverty not the result of ‘fallen’ human nature but caused 

by pressure of population upon subsistence. 

2. Poverty and the ‘preventive check.’ 




The Control of Poverty 


59 


D. Explanations by ‘dissident’ economists. 

1. Laisser faire as cause of poverty. 

a. Laisser faire said to mean for most laisser souffrir , laisser 
mourir (Sismondi, Thompson, Gray, Bray, leaders of 
this school of thought). 

b. Socialist economists, especially Marxists, explain poverty 

as the result of the wastes and exploitation of compe¬ 
tition and the pecuniary economy. 

E. Tendencies in contemporary economic thought. 

1. Poverty and mismanagement in economic life. 

a. Growing custom to differentiate between business enter¬ 

prise and economic welfare. 

b. The wastes of management and the limitations of the 

laborer’s income. 

2. Poverty explained as ‘income contrast.’ 

3. Poverty and competitive consumption. 

4. Poverty explained as failure to analyze production and 

consumption in terms of human utility. 

a. Desire for acquisition and emulation vs. personal and 

social interest in the satisfaction of nurture wants. 

b. Desire for goods that do not intrinsically satisfy nurture 

needs. 

Chapter V.—Explanations by ‘Radicals’ 

A. Poverty caused by property and contract. 

1. Personal property rights in capitalistic goods and the privi¬ 

leges deriving therefrom. 

2, Control in industry, ‘contrasts of economic function’ said 

to lead to ‘wage slavery.’ 


60 


Economics 180 


B. Poverty caused by economic factors. 

1. Competition. 

a. Cause of ill-gotten, ill-used riches,. 

b. Cause of wastes in effort and product. 

2. Industrial activities when unchecked by social control un¬ 

avoidably breed business cycles, etc. 

C. Poverty caused by government. 


Chapter VI.— Explanations by Social Workers 

A. Case records and social studies explain poverty as due to one 

or more of the following: 

1. Sickness. 

2. Unemployment. 

3. Overwork. 

4. Accident. 

5. Bad living conditions. 

6. Neglected family ties. 

7. Friendlessness. 

8. Disabling use of leisure. 

B. Relation of social institutions to these causes usually in mind. 

C. Advantages of the case and statistical explanations of pov¬ 

erty. 

1. Shifts emphasis from sentiment to fact. 

2. Directs study away from overstress upon production of 

goods to the standard of living and the consumers’ prob¬ 
lems. 

3. Furnishes continuous evidence that the rate of wages can¬ 

not fall below a certain minimum without involving the 
welfare of most if not all the commonwealth. 

C. Weaknesses of the ‘case’ explanation. 

1. Overstress on character defect, and general reluctance to 

ascribe poverty to one or more fundamental social causes. 

2. The fact that lack of a living wage is a social not an indi¬ 

vidual problem is recognized with hesitation if at all. 



PART V 


INCENTIVES AND THE PREVENTION 
OF POVERTY 






















PART V. INCENTIVES AND THE PREVENTION OF 
POVERTY 

Chapter I.— The Social Sanctions 

A. Piety. 

1. This sanction is the earliest and most widely respected im¬ 

pulse to action related to the poor. 

2. Piety arouses a mixture of motives and activities. 

a. Self-regarding and self-effacing motives stirred by piety. 

b. Love of the poor and piety. 

c. Depreciation of riches. 

d. Charity for human weakness and suffering. 

B. Apprehension. 

1. Political fear of the poorer classes. 

a. Source of disorder and ignorance in political life. 

b. Source of disease. 

c. Cause of economic inefficiency. 

C. The motive of social utility. 

1. Economic welfare best secured when there are no poor. 

2. Business welfare depends on healthy and skilled masses. 

3. Social welfare. 

a. Theory that the ‘good life’ requires no income contrasts. 

b. Theory that income contrasts are desirable, but that there 

can be no social welfare if any are suffering. 

4. Whether genuine sympathy is ever the motive of social 

action in relation to poverty. 

5. The theory that charity is a social disutility. 


64 


Economics 180 


D. Custom and poverty people. 

1. The proprieties and work for the poor. 

a. Custom leads men to relieve poverty. 

b. Preventive action less supported by usage. 

c. The extremes of current custom: social sanction of un¬ 

critical giving to whosoever will vs. uncritical dis¬ 
paragement of all relief-giving. 


Chapter II. —Human Nature and the Under-Dog 

A. The human impulses behind social work for the poor. 

1. The complex nature of the impulses. 

a. Cruelty, fear, and hate in relation to the poor. 

b. The submissive instinct and charity. 

c. The fighting instinct and the poor. 

d. Love of variety; satiety and social work. 

e. Ambition, love of prestige, and charity. 

/. Sympathy (parental instinct) and the poor. 

B. Sex and social service. 

1. Custom at present ascribes the care of the poor, as it does 
religious service, to women. 

a. Reasons, social and economic. 

b . Social advantages and disadvantages. 


PART VI. THE MARGIN FOR PIONEERING IN SOCIAL 
WORK TODAY 



The Control of Poverty 


65 


BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CONTROL OF POVERTY 
Readings on Part I 

On the facts and conditions of urban poverty see: 

Addams, Jane, Twenty years at Hull House (New York, Macmillan, 
1912). 

Booth, Charles, Life and labour of people in London (London, Macmil¬ 
lan, 1889-1892), vol. 1, pts. 5, 6; vol. 9, pt; 3, chap. 13. 

Booth, William, In darkest England and the way out (New York, Sal¬ 
vation Army, 1890). 

Byington, Margaret, Homestead: the households of a mill town (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1910). 

Defoe, Daniel, History of the plague in London, 1732 (New York, 
American Book Co., 1894-. 

Eden, Sir F. M., State of the poor (London, White, 1797). 

Engels, Friedrich, The condition of the working classes (New York, 
Lovell, 1887). 

Fay, C. R., Life and labour in the nineteenth century (Cambridge, Uni¬ 
versity Press, 1920). 

Fitch, J. A., Steel workers (Pittsburgh survey). (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1910). 

Gaskell, P., Manufacturing population of England (London, Baldwin, 
1883). 

Kellor, F. A., Out of work; a study of employment agencies (New York, 
Putnam, 1904). 

Kenngott, G. F., The record of a city; a social survey of Lowell, Mass. 
(New York, Macmillan, 1912). 

Mayhew, C., London labour and London poor (London, Griffin, 1861- 
1864). 

Ribton-Turner, C. J., History of vagrants and vagrancy (London, Chap¬ 
man, 1887). 

Riis, Jacob, How the other half lives (New York, Scribner, 1914). 

Sabatier, W. A., Treatise on poverty (London, 1797). 


66 


Economics 180 


Spargo, John, The bitter cry of the children (New York, Macmillan, 
1906). 

Taylor, W. C., Notes on a tour in the manufacturing districts of Lanca¬ 
shire (ed. 2, London, Duncan, 1842). 

Yan Vorst, Bessie and Marie, The woman who toils; being the experi¬ 
ences of two gentlewomen as factory girls (New York, Doubleday, 
1903). 

Willard, J. F., Tramping with tramps, by Josiah Flynt (New York, 
Century, 1901). 

Wyckoff, W. A., The workers; an experiment in reality; The East (New 
York, Scribner, 1897). 

Wyckoff, W. A., The workers; an experiment in reality; The West (New 
York, Scribner, 1898). 

For readings in present day literature tearing on poverty conditions, see in 
general: 

Center, S. S., The worker and his work: readings, presenting some of 
the activities by which men and women make a living (Philadelphia, 
Lippincott, 1920). 

For notable specimens of fiction dealing with the life of the poor see: 

Besant, Walter, All sorts and conditions of men, 1882. 

Dickens, Charles, Bleak house (1852-53); Little Dorritt (1855-57); 
Oliver Twist (1838). 

Eliot, George, Silas Marner (1861). 

Kingsley, Charles, Alton Locke (1850). 

Morris William, News from nowhere (1891). 

Nex0, M. A., Pelle, the conqueror (1913). 

Poole, Ernest, Beggar’s gold (1921;. 

Poole, Ernest, Blind, a story of these times (1920). 

Poole, Ernest, His family (1917). 

Beade, Charles, Hard cash (1863). 

Beade, Charles, It is never too late to mend (1872). 

Beade, Charles, Put yourself in his place (1870). 

Boy, Jean, Fields of the fatherless (1918). 

Sinclair, Upton, The jungle (1906). 

Wells, H. G., This misery of boots (1908). 


The Control of Poverty 


67 


For studies in rural poverty see: 

American academy of political and social science, Country life (Annals, 
vol. 40, 1912). 

American association for study and prevention of infant mortality, Rural 
communities; nursing and social work (Transactions, pt. 3, 
pp. 185-270, 1917). 

Anderson, W. L., Country town; study of rural evolution (ed. 2, New 
York, Baker, 1911). 

Ashby, A. W., The rural problem (London, Athenaeum, 1917). 

Bashore, H. B., Overcrowding and defective housing in rural districts 
(New York, Wiley, 1915). 

Bennett, E. N., .Problems of village life (London, Williams, 1914). 

Brookwalter, J. W., Rural vs. urban; their conflict and its causes (New 
York, Knickerbocker Press, 1911). 

' California. Commission on immigration and housing, Camp sanitation 
(Sacramento, California State Printing Office, 1920). 

Canada. Commission on conservation, Rural planning and develop¬ 
ment; study of rural conditions and problems, by Thomas Adams 
(Ottawa, 1917). 

Cubberley, E. P., Rural life and education (Boston, Houghton, 1914). 

Douglass, H. P., The little town, especially in its rural relationships 
(New York, Macmillan, 1919). 

Dunlop, .0. J., Farm labourer (London, Unwin, 1913). 

Fairchild, G. T., Rural wealth and welfare (ed. 2, New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1900). • 

Fordham, Montague, Short history of English rural life from Anglo- 
Saxon invasion to the present time (London, Allen, 1916). 

Galpin, C. J., Rural life (New York, Century, 1918). 

Gillete, J. M., Constructive rural sociology (New York, Sturgis, 1917) 

Green, F. E., History of the agricultural labourer (London, Unwin, 
1919). 

Greene, F. E., The tyranny of the country side (London, Unwin, 1913). 

Groves, E. R., Rural problems of today (New York, Association Press, 
1918). 

Haggard, Sir H. R., Rural England (London, Longmans, 1901-1902). 

Hammond, J. L. and B., The village labourer, 1760-1832 (London, 
Longmans, 1919). 

Hasbach, W. A., History of English farm labourer (London, King, 
1908). 


Economics 180 


Herms, W. B., Rural hygiene and sanitation (California state board 
of health, Monthly bulletin, pp. 247-254, Feb. 1920). 

Krysto, Christina, California’s labor camps (Survey, vol. 43, pp. 70-78, 
Nov. 8, 1919). 

Lumsden, L. L., Rural sanitation; report on special studies made in 
15 counties, 1914-16 (U. S. Public health service, Bulletin 94, Oct. 

1918) . 

National country life association, Proceedings of conferences, no. 1, 
1919-no. 3, 1921 (Ithaca, N. Y., Association, 1919). 

National education association, Rural life conditions and moral educa¬ 
tion (Journal, pp. 281-313, 1912). 

Pedder, D. C., Secret of rural depopulation (London, Fabian Society, 
1904, Fabian tract no. 118). 

Plunkett, Sir H. C., Rural life problem of United States (New York, 
Macmillan, 1913). 

Robertson, John, Housing and the public health (New York, Cassell, 

1919) . 

Rowntree, B. S., How the labourer lives (ed. 2, Edinburgh, Nelson, 
1913). 

Rural housing and sanitation association, Reports, 1903 to date (Lon¬ 
don, Association). 

Rural organization council, Village life after the war (London, Head- 
ley, 1918). 

Savage, W. G., Rural housing (London, Unwin, 1919). 

Stone, Gilbert, The history of labor (New York, Macmillan, 1922). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Rural child welfare series, Publications, 
1917 to date. 

U. S. Country life commission, Report of commission, with introduc¬ 
tion by Theodore Roosevelt (Washington, Government Printing 
Office, 1911). 

Vogt, P. L., Introduction to rural sociology (New York, Appleton, 
1917). 

Wilson, W. H., The evolution of the country community (Boston, Pil¬ 
grim Press, 1912). 

Wisconsin country life conferences, Proceedings, 1911-1914 (Madison, 
University of Wisconsin). 

See also studies of rural populations under Mental deviation and 
poverty. 


The Control of Poverty 


69 


On distribution of income, see: 

Adams, T. S., and Sumner, H. L., Labor problems (ed. 9, New York, 
Macmillan, 1919), pp. 142-171. 

Booth, Charles, Life and labour of the people of London (London, 
Macmillan, 1889-1892), vol. 2, p. 21. 

Brown, H. G., Theory of earned and unearned incomes; study of the 
economic laws of distribution, with some of their applications to 
social policy (Columbia, Missouri Book Co., 1918). 

Call, H. L., Concentration of wealth (Boston, Chandler, 1907). 

Cannan, Edwin, Division of income (Quarterly journal of economics, 
vol. 19, pp. 341-69, May 1905). 

Carver, T. N., Distribution of wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1904). 

Chiozza-Money, L., Riches and poverty (ed. 3, London, Methuen, 1906). 

Clark, J. B., Distribution of wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1899). 

Collins, J. A., Distribution of wealth in the United States (Senate 
document 75, 55 cong., 2 sess, 1898). 

Commons, J. R., Distribution of wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1905). 

Dalton, Hugh, Some aspects of inequality of incomes in modern com¬ 
munities (London, Routledge, 1920). 

Davenport, H. J., Value and distribution (Chicago, University of 
Chicago Press, 1908). 

Edwards, R. H., ed., Concentrated wealth: Studies in American social 
conditions, no. 6 (Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1910). 

Ely, R. T., Property and contract in their relation to distribution of 
wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1914), vol. 2, pp. 887-934. 

Fabian society, Facts for socialists (Tract no. 5, 1904). 

Fetter, F. A., Principles of economics (New York, Century Co., 1905), 
chap. 6. 

King, W. I., Wealth and income of the people of the United States 
(New York, Macmillan, 1919). 

Kleene, G. A., Profits and wages: study in distribution of income 
(New York, Macmillan, 1916). 

Mathews, Frederic, Taxation and the distribution of wealth: studies 
in the economic, ethical, and practical relation of fiscal systems 
to social organization (Garden City, N. Y., Doubleday, 1914). 

Morawetz, Victor, Income of the nation and dividends of the masses 
(New York, 1913). 

National bureau of economic research, Distribution of income by 
states in 1919 (New York, Harcourt, 1921). 


70 


Economics 180 


National bureau of economic research, Income in the United States; 
its amount and distribution, 1909-1919 (New York, Harcourt, 
vol. 1, 1921; vol. 2, 1923). 

National industrial conference board, Taxation and national income, 
Oct. 1922 (Research report, no. 55). 

Nearing, Scott, Income (New York, Macmillan, 1915). 

Nearing, Scott, Wages in the United States, 1908-1910 (New York, 
Macmillan, 1911). 

Nearing, Scott, Social adjustment (New York, Macmillan, 1911). 

Parmelee, Maurice, Poverty and social progress (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1916), chap. 6. 

Pigou, A. C., Wealth and welfare (London, Macmillan, 1912). 

Rowntree, B. S., Land and labour; lessons from Belgium (London, 
Macmillan, 1910), pp. 61-66. 

Smart, William, Distribution of income (ed. 2, London, Macmillan, 
1899), chap. 11. 

Spahr, C. B., Essay on the present distribution of wealth in United 
States (New York, Crowell, 1896). 

Streightoff, F. H., Distribution of incomes in United States (New 
York, Columbia University Press, 1912). 

Taussig, F. W., Principles of economics (New York, Macmillan, 1911— 
12), vol. 2, chap. 54. 

Underwood, J. H., Distribution of ownership (New York, Columbia 
University Press, 1907). 

U. S. Bureau of census, 1900, Census of wealth, debt and taxation 
(Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904). 

U. S. Industrial commission, Reports of commission, 1900-1902 (Wash¬ 
ington, Government Printing Office). 

Watkins, G. P., Welfare as an economic quantity (Boston, Houghton, 
1915). 


The Control of Poverty 


71 


Beadings on Part II 
For general discussions of poverty, see: 

Addams, Jane, Democracy and social ethics (New York, Macmillan, 
1902). 

Addams, Jane, Newer ideals of peace (New York, Macmillan, 1907). 

Addams, Jane, Twenty years at Hull House (New York, Macmillan, 
1910). 

Bosanquet, Helen, Strength of the people (London, Macmillan, 1902), 
chaps. 3, 4. 

Brooks, J. G., Labor’s challenge to the social order (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1920). 

Brooks, J. G., Social unrest (New York, Macmillan, 1909). 

Dalton, Hugh, Inequality of income (London, Boutledge, 1920). 

Devine, E. T., Efficiency and relief (New York, Columbia University 
Press, 1906). 

Eliot; Charles, Conflict between individualism and collectivism in a 
democracy (New York, Scribner, 1910). 

Gillin, J. L., Poverty and dependency (New York, Century, 1921)'. 

Hobson, J. A., Social problem (New York, Nisbet, 1919), chaps. 2, 4, 5. 

Hollander, J. H., Abolition of poverty (New York, Houghton, 1914). 

Hunter, Bobert, Poverty (New York, Macmillan, 1904). 

Kerby, J., The social mission of charity (New York, Macmillan, 1921). 

Patten, S. N., New basis of civilization (New York, Macmillan, 1912). 

Peabody, F. G., The approach to the social question (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1909). 

Pigou, A. C., Wealth and welfare (London, Macmillan, 1912). 

Beason, Will, Poverty: a study in town life (London, Headley, 1909), 
chaps. 2, 3, 4. 

Bowntree, B. S., Poverty: a study of town life (London, Longmans, 
1922). 

Tarde, Gabriel, Penal philosophy (Boston, Little, 1912), pp. 7-29. 

Warner, A. G., American charities (ed. 2, New York, Crowell, 1908), 
chaps. 2, 3, 4. 

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, Prevention of destitution (London, Long¬ 
mans, 1916), pp. 221-64. 

Wells, H. G., New worlds for old (New York, Macmillan, 1908). 

Weyl, W. E., The new democracy (New York, Macmillan, 1912). 

Wilson, Woodrow, The new freedom (New York, Doubleday, 1913). 


72 


Economics ISO 


For aicl in framing a chronology of social worlc, see: 

Picht, W., Toynbee Hall and the English settlements (London, Bell, 
1914), pp. 207-209. 

Rickett, A. C., William Morris, poet eraftman, social reformer (New 
York, Dutton, 1913), p. 269. 

Roe, F. W., Social philosophy of Carlyle and Ruskin (New York, Har- 
court, 1921). 

Sombar't, W., Sozialismus und soziale bewegung (ed. 5, Jena, Fischer, 
1905), p. 279. 

Woods, R. A., and Kennedy, A. J., Handbook of settlements (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1911). 

On the poor laws and poor relief, see: 

Aschrott, P. F., English poor law system; translated by H. Preston- 
Thomas (London, Knight, 1888). 

Booth, Charles, Poor law reforms (London, Macmillan, 1910). 

Clarke, J. J., Social administration including the poor laws (London, 
Pitman, 1922). 

Fowle, T. W., The poor laws (London, Macmillan, 1881). 

Lloyd, C. M., Present state of the poor law (London, Labour Party, 
1920). 

Lonsdale, Sophia, English poor law (ed. 3, London, King, 1902). 

Nichols, Sir George, and Mackay, Thomas, History of the English 
poor law (New York, Putnam, 1898-99). 

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, English poor law policy (London, Long¬ 
mans, 1910). 

On social worh, its history and its movements, see: 

Foss, William, and West, Julius, The social worker and modern charity 
(London, Black, 1914), especially chaps. 2-5. 

Gillin, J. L., Poverty and dependency (New York, Century, 1921), 
chap. 11. 

Gray, B. K., History of philanthropy (London, King, 1905). 

Queen, S. A., Social work in the light of history (Philadelphia, Lippin- 
cott, 1922). 


The Control of Poverty 




On the growth of humanitarism and collectivism, see: 

Beer, M., A history of British socialism (London, Bell, 1920), vols. 1, 
2, pts. 1-3. 

Cunningham, W., Growth of English commerce and industry (Cam¬ 
bridge, University Press, 1907), vol. 3, pts. 3, 4. 

Dicey, A. W., Law and opinion in England during the nineteenth 
century (London, Macmillan, 1914). 

Gibbins, H. de B., English social reforms (London, Methuen, 1902). 

Kirkup, Thomas, History of socialism; revised by Edward Pease 
(London, Blake, 1913). 

Ogg, F. A., Economic development of modern Europe (New York, 
Macmillan, 1920). 

On the charity organization movement, relief work and case work, see: 

Atlee, C. R., Social worker (London, Bell, 1920). 

Brandt, Lilian, How much shall I give? (New York, Frontier Press, 
1921). 

Byington, Margaret, What social workers should know about their 
own communities (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1917). 

Chapin, F. S., Field work and social research (New York, Century, 
1920). 

Cole, G. D. H., Social theory (New York, Stokes, 1920). 

Conyngton, Mary, How to help (New York, Macmillan, 1913). 

Devine, E. T., Misery and its causes (New York, Macmillan, 1913). 

Devine, E. T., Principles of relief (New York, Macmillan, 1914). 

Gray, B. K., Philanthropy and the state (London, King, 1908). 

Halbert, L. A., What is professional social work (New York, Survey 
Associates, 1923). 

Henderson, C. R., Introduction to study of dependents, defectives and 
delinquents (ed. 2, Boston, Heath, 1906). 

Hobson, J. A., Problems of poverty (ed. 5, London, Methuen, 1905), 
chap. 9. 

Johnson, Alexander, Adventures in social welfare (Fort Wayne, 
Author, 1923). 

Kelso, R. W., Public poor relief in Massachusetts, 1620—1920 (Boston, 
Houghton, 1922). 

Lee, Joseph, Constructive and preventive philanthropy (New York, 
Macmillan, 1902). 


74 


Economics 180 


Loch, C. S., Charity organization (London, Allen, 1895). 

Loch, C. S., Charity and social life (London, Macmillan, 1910). 

Morgan, Gerald, Public relief of sickness (New York, Macmillan, 
1922). 

Richmond, M. E., Social diagnosis (New York, Russell Sage Founda¬ 
tion, 1917). 

Richmond, M. E., What is social case work (New York, Russell Sage 
Foundation, 1922). 

Sears, Amelia, Charity visitor (ed. 3, Chicago School of Civics and 
Philanthropy, 1918). 

Sheffield, A. E., Social case history (New York, Russell Sage Founda¬ 
tion, 1920). 

Todd, A. J., Scientific spirit and social work (New York, Macmillan, 
1919). 

Warner, A. G., American charities (New York, Crowell, 1908), chap. 19. 

Watson, F. D., Charity organization movement in United States (New 
York, Macmillan, 1922). 

On settlements, boys’ clubs, etc., see: 

Addams, Jane, Chicago settlements and social unrest (Charities vol. 
20, pp. 155-66, May 2, 1908). 

Addams, Jane, Twenty years at Hull House (New York, Macmillan 
1910). ’ 

Atlee, C. R., The social worker (London, Bell, 1920). 

Barnett, H. O., Canon Barnett: his life, work, and friends (New York 
Houghton, 1919). 

Barnett, S. A., Toward social reform (New York, Macmillan, 1909). 

Buck, Winifred, Boys’ self-governing clubs (New York, Macmillan 
1910). 

Coit, Stanton, Neighborhood guilds (ed. 2, London, Sonnenschein, 
1892). 

Davis, Philip, The field of social service (Boston, Small, 1915). 

Holden, A. C., The settlement idea (New York, Macmillan, 1922). 

Kelley, Florence, The settlements; their lost opportunity (Charities, 
vol. 16, pp. 79-81, April 7, 1906). 

Loane, M., An Englishman’s castle (London, Arnold, 1909). 

McClenahan, B. A., Organizing the community (New York, Centurv 
1922). ’ 39 


The Control of Poverty 75 

National federation of settlements, Proceedings of conferences, no. 1, 
1911 to date. 

Picht, Warne, Toynbee Hall and the settlement movement; translated 
by L. Cowell (London, Bell, 1914). 

Reason, Will, University and social settlements (London, Methuen, 
1898). 

Riis, Jacob, What settlements stand for (Outlook, vol. 89, pp. 69-72, 

1903) . 

Settlements in review (Survey, vol. 45, pp. 395-98, Dec. 11, 1920). 
Settlement movement: series of articles (Survey, Mar. 3-Sept. 1, 
1906). 

Wald, Lilian, The house on Henry street (New York, Holt, 1915). 
Woods, R. A., English social movements (New York, Scribner, 1891). 

Woods, R. A., Neighborhood in nation building: the running comment 
of thirty years at South End House (Boston, Houghton, 1923). 
Woods, R. A., and Kennedy, A. J., Handbook of settlements (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1911). 

Woods, R. A., and Kennedy, A. J., The settlement horizon (New York, 
Russell Sage Foundation, 1922). 

On workers’ education, see: 

Beatty, A. J., Corporation schools (Bloomington, Ill., Public School 
Publication Co., 1918). 

Berriman, A. E., Education as a function of management, Feb. 4, 1919 
(Manchester, Univsrsity Press, 1919). 

Best, R. H., and Ogden, C. K., The problem of the continuation school 
and its successful solution in Germany (London, King, 1914). 
Cooley, E. G., Some continuation schools of Europe (Chicago, Commer¬ 
cial Club, 1912). 

Davidson, Thomas, Education of the wage earners (Boston, Ginn, 

1904) . 

Davies, J. L., The workingmen’s college (London), 1854-1904 (Lon¬ 
don, Macmillan, 1904). 

Field, L. F., Service instruction of American corporations (U. S. 

Bureau of Education, Bulletin 34, 1916). 

Gillman, F. J., The workers and education (London, Unwin, 1916), 
Gleason, A. H., Workers’ education: American experiments (New 
York, Bureau of Industrial Research, 1921). 

Goldstone, F. W., Labour and continued education, Dec. 9, 1919 (Man¬ 
chester, University Press, 1920). 


76 


Economics 180 


Great Britain, Ministry of reconstruction, Adult education committee, 
Final report of committee, 1919 (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 
1919). 

Jones, A. J., Continuation schools in the United States (U. S. Bureau 
of Education, Bulletin 1, 1907). 

Kerschensteiner, G. M. A., The schools and the nation (London, Mac¬ 
millan, 1914). 

Mansbridge, Albert, Adventure in working class education (London, 
Longmans, 1920). 

Mansbridge, Albert, University tutorial classes: study in the develop¬ 
ment of higher education among the working men and women 
(London, Longmans, 1913). 

Morley, Charles, Studies in board schools (London, Elder, 1897). 

National association of corporation schools, Annual convention papers, . 
1913 to date; Bulletins, vol. 1, 1914 to date. 

National conference on workers’ education, Workers’ education in 
United States: proceedings, no. 1, 1921; no. 2, 1922 (New York, 
Workers’ Education Bureau of America). 

National guilds league, Education and the guild idea (London, League, 
1921). 

New South Wales workers’ educational association, Annual reports: J 
no. 1, 1914 to date (Sydney, Association). 

Parry, R. St. J., ed., Cambridge essays on adult education (Cambridge, 
University Press, 1920). 

Rowntree, B. S., Some obligations of industry to labour, Nov. 12, 1918 
(Manchester, University Press, 1919). 

Sadler, M. E., Continuation schools in England and elsewhere (Man¬ 
chester, University Press, 1907. 

Sweeney, C. P., Adult working class education in Great Britain and 
United States (U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 271, Aug. 1920). 

Tawney, R. H., Some thoughts on education and the war (London, 
Workers’ Educational Association, 1919). 

Van Kleeck, Mary, Working girls in evening schools (New York, 
Survey Associates, 1914). 

Workmen’s colleges and educational associations (in Labour yearbook, 
pp. 291-98, 1919). 

Workers’ education: symposium (Shipbuilders’ news and Navy yard 
employee, Nov. 1919, supplement). 

Workers’ educational association, The W. E. A. education yearbook 
(Boston, Ginn, 1918). 

Workers’ educational association of Australia, Australian highway: 
monthly magazine; vol. 1, Mar. 1919 to date (Sydney, Association). 


The Control of Poverty 


77 


For the views of those who insist, with more or less qualification, upon 
social responsibility for poverty, see: 

Barnett, S., Practicable socialism (ed. 2, London, Longmans, 1894). 

Brissenden, Paul, The I. W. W. (New York, Longmans, 1919). 

Carpenter, Niles, Guild socialism (New York, Appleton, 1922). 

Chesterton, G. K., What’s wrong with the world? (New York, Dodd, 
1910). 

Cole, G. D. H., Self government in industry (London, Bell, 1917). 

Fabian essays in socialism (London, Fabian Society, 1920). 

George, Henry, Progress and poverty (San Francisco, Hinton, 1879). 

Gide, Charles, and Rist, Charles, History of economic doctrines (Lon¬ 
don, Harrap, 1919), pp. 407-479. 

Henderson, Arthur, Aims of labour (London, Headley, 1919). 

Kautsky, Karl, Social revolution; translated by A. M. and M. W. 
Simons (Chicago, Kerr, 1903). 

Kropotkin, Peter, Mutual aid, a factor of evolution (London, Heine- 
mann, 1902). 

Laidler, Harry, Socialism in thought and action (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1920). 

Marx, Karl, and Engels, Friedrich, Manifesto of the Communist party, 
1848; translated by S. Moore (Chicago, Kerr, 1915). 

Pataud, Emile, and Pouget, Emile, Syndicalism and the cooperative 
commonwealth (London, New International Publishing Co., 1913). 

Russell, B. A. W., Proposed roads to freedom: socialism, anarchism 
and syndicalism (New York, Holt, 1919). 

Rauschenbusch, Walter, A theology for the social gospel (New York, 
Macmillan, 1918). 

Schmidt, J. K., The ego and his own, by Max Stirner (pseud.); trans¬ 
lated by S. T. Byington (New York, Harper, 1915). 

Sellers, R. W., Next steps in democracy (New York, Macmillan, 1916). 

Tawney, R. K., The sickness of an acquisitive society (London, Allen, 
1920). 

Tolstoi, Leo, What shall we do then? (London, New Age Press).* 

Tucker, Benjamin, Instead of a book (ed. 2, New York, Author, 1897). 

Urwick, E. J., Luxury and the waste of life (London, Dent, 1908). 

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, A constitution for the socialist common¬ 
wealth of Great Britain (London, Longmans, 1919). 

Wells, H. G., and others, Socialism and the great state (New York, 
Harper, 1912). 

Withers, Hartley, Poverty and waste (New York, Dutton, 1914). 

Woolf, L. S., Cooperation and the future of industry (London, Allen, 
1919). 


78 


Economics 180 


Readings on Part III 
On standard of living, see: 

Abel, M. W. H., Successful family life on the moderate income (Phila¬ 
delphia, Lippincott, 1921). 

American academy of political and social science, Cost of living 
(Annals, July 1913). 

American association of university women, St. Louis branch, Expenses 
of women college studies: survey of 114 colleges and universities; 
by H. T. Graham and others (1922). 

American library association. Salaries committee, Minimum salaries 
for library assistants: report, Dec. 30, 1922 (Library journal, Jan. 
15, 1923), pp. 1-3. 

Anthony, K. S., Mothers who must earn (New York, Survey Asso¬ 
ciates, 1914). 

Ashley, W. J., Rise in prices and cost of living (London, Evening 
News, 1912). 

Australia, Bureau of census and statistics, Cost of living in Australia 
(in Official yearbook, 1911 to date). 

Beyer, W. C., Estimated cost of supporting a typical family of five 
persons (in Philadelphia and national conferences on construction 
industries, Proceedings, pp. 75-81, 1921). 

Beyer, W. C., Workingmen’s standard of living (Philadelphia) (New 
York; Macmillan, 1919). 

Booth, Charles, Life and labour of the people in London (London, 
Macmillan, 1889-1892), vol. 1, pp. 136-39. 

Bosanquet, Helen, Standard of life (London, Macmillan, 1899), 

pp. 1-102. 

Bosworth, L. M., Living wage of women workers in Boston (Phila¬ 
delphia, American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1911). 

Bowley, A. L., Working class households in Reading (Journal of Royal 
Statistical Society, vol. 76, pp. 672-701, June 1913). 

Bowley, A. L., and Burnett-Hurst, A. R., Livelihood and poverty 
(London, Bell, 1915). 

Burgess, E. W., Study of wage-earning families in Chicago (in Illi¬ 
nois state health insurance commission, Report, pp. 179-317, 1919). 

Bureau of applied economics, Changes in cost of living, 1914-1919 
(Washington, 1919). 

Bureau of applied economics, Standards of living: compilations of 
budgetary studies (Washington, 1920). 

Bushnell, C. J., Social problem at the Chicago stockyards (Chicago, 
University of Chicago Press, 1912). 




The Control of Poverty 


79 


Byington, Margaret, Homestead: the households of a mill town (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1909). 

Chapin, R. C., Standard of living in New York city (New York, Chari¬ 
ties Publication Committee, 1909). 

Chicago council of social agencies. Committee on relief, Standard 
budget for dependent families: report of committee (Bulletin 
no. 5, April 1919). # 

Clark, J. B., Philosophy of wealth (Boston, Ginn, 1887), chaps. 1, 3. 

Clark, S. L., and Wyatt, E., Making both ends meet (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1911). 

Clark, W. E., Cost of living (Chicago, McClurg, 1915). 

Davies, M. L., Life in an English village (London, Unwin, 1909). 

District of Columbia. Minimum wage board, Cost of living of wage 
earning women (Bulletin no. 1, Jan. 29, 1919). 

Donham, S. A., Spending the family income (Boston, Little, 1921). 

Economic club, Family budgets of twenty-eight British households, 
1891-1894 (London, King, 1896). 

Eden, Sir F. M., State of the poor (London, White, 1797). 

Fisher, Irving, Why is the dollar shrinking? (New York, Macmillan, 
1914). 

Fisher, Lettice, Getting and spending (London, Collinson, 1922). 

Fitch, J. S., Steel workers (Pittsburgh survey). (New York, Chari¬ 
ties Publication Committee, 1910.) 

Frankel, L. K., How far does the American family budget provide for 
necessary medical and nursing care? (National Conference of 
Social Work, Proceedings, pp. 1-90, 1919). 

Franklin, Fabian, Cost of living (New York, Doubleday, 1915). 

Friday, David, Profits, wages and prices (New York, Harcourt, 1920), 
especially chap. 14. 

Goldberger, Joseph, and others, Economic factors in pellagra incidence 
in cotton-mill villages of South Carolina in 1916 (Public health 
reports, vol. 35, pp. 2673-2714, Nov. 12, 1920). 

Gibbs, W. S., Minimum cost of living in New York City (New York, 
Macmillan, 1917). 

Great Britain. Agricultural wages board. Committee on occupation 
of agricultural land, and cost of living of rural workers, Report of 
committee, 1919 (London, H. M. Stationery Office). 

Great Britain. Board of trade, Cost of living in American towns 
(London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1911). 


80 


Economics 180 


Great Britain. Board of trade, Cost of living in United Kingdom 
(London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1908). 

Great Britain. Labour dept., Accounts of expenditures of wage earn¬ 
ing women and girls (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1911). 

Great Britain. Working classes cost of living committee, Report of 
committee, 1918 (London, H. M. Stationery Office). 

Halbwachs, Maurice, La classe ouvriere et les niveaux de vie (Paris, 
Alcan, 1913). 

Hanna, H. S., Summary on increased cost of living, July 1914 to June 
1919 (Monthly labor review, vol. 9, pp. 1-8, Oct. 1919). 

Hanna, H. S., and Lauck, W. J., Wages and the war (Cleveland, Doyle, 
1918). 

Haskins, C. W., How to keep household accounts (New York, Harper, 
1903). 

Haver, J. B., Government and the market basket. (District of Colum¬ 
bia Consumers ’ League, Bulletin 2, Mar. 1919.) 

Hobson, J. A., Cost of living (in Labour yearbook, pp. 204-206, 1916). 

Hobson, J. A., The social problem (London, Nisbet, 1919). 

Hobson, J. A., Work and wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1914). 

Holdsworth, J. T., Report of the economic survey of Pittsburgh 
(Pittsburgh, 1912). 

Howe, F. C., High cost of living (New York, Scribner, 1917). 

Howarth, E. G., and Wilson, Mona, West Ham: report of Outer Lon¬ 
don inquiry committee (London, Dent, 1907). 

Kennedy, J. C., Wages and family budgets in Chicago stockyards dis¬ 
trict (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1914). 

Kenngott, G. F., Record of a city (Lowell, Mass). (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1912.) 

King, C. L., Lower living costs in cities (New York, Appleton, 1915). 

King, W. I., Wealth and income of people in United States (New 
York, Macmillan, 1915). 

Kolthammer, F. W., Some notes on incidence of taxation in working 
class families (London, Ratan Tata Foundation, 1913). 

Lauck, W. J., Studies of cost of maintaining a family at a level of 
health and reasonable comfort, presented before United States 
Railway Labor Board, 1920. 

Lauck, W. J., and Sydenstricker, Edgar, Condition of labor in Amer¬ 
ican industries (New York, Funk, 1917). 

Lauck, W. J., Cost of living and the war (Cleveland, Doyle, 1918). 

League for preventive work, Food supply in families of limited means: 
study of Boston families; by M. M. Davis, Dec. 1917. 




The Control of Poverty 


81 


Leeds, J. B., Household budget (Philadelphia, Author, 1917). 

Le Play, Frederic, Les ouvriers europeens (ed. 2, Tours, Marne, 1877-79). 

Liverpool joint research committee, How the casual laborer lives (Liver¬ 
pool, Northern Publishing Co., 1909). 

Loane, M., From their point of view (London, Arnold, 1908). 

Massachusetts. Bureau of statistics of labor, Prices and the cost of 
living: 1872, 1881, 1897, and 1902 (in Annual report, pp. 239-314, 
1902). 

Massachusetts. Commission on high cost of living, Report, May, 1919. 

Massachusetts. Commission on the necessaries of life, Reports, Feb. 
14, 1920; Jan. 5, 1922. 

Mayo-Smith, Richmond, Statistics and economics (Baltimore, Ameri¬ 
can Economics Association, 1888), chap. 2. 

Meeker, Royal, Cost of living studies as basis for making wage rate 
(U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 247, pp. 43-50, 1918). 

Meeker, Royal, Improbability of decrease in prices and cost of living 
(Monthly labor review, vol. 10, pp. 95-97, Feb. 1920). 

Meeker, Royal, Possibility of compiling a cost of living index (Monthly 
labor review, vol 8, pp. 1-9, Mar. 1919). 

Meeker, Royal, Relation of cost of living to public health (Monthly 
labor review, vol. 8, pp. 1—10, Jan. 1919). 

Meeker, Royal, What is the American standard of living? (Monthly 
labor review, vol. 9, pp. 1-14, July 1919). 

Minimum quantity budget for family of five (Monthly labor review, 
vol. 10, pp. 1-18, June 1920). 

More, L. B., Wage earners’ budgets in New York City (New York, 
Holt, 1907). 

Morimoto, Kokichi, Standard of living in Japan (Baltimore, Johns 
Hopkins Press, 1918). 

National industrial conference board, Family budgets of American 
wage earners, Sept. 1921 (Research report, no. 41). 

National industrial conference board, Research reports: no. 9, Aug. 
1918 to date. 

National industrial conference board, Special reports, no. 7, Mar. 
1920 to date. 

National conference of charities and corrections. Committee on 
standards of living and labor, Report of committee (in Proceed¬ 
ings, pp. 48—55, 1911; pp. 370—402, 1912). 

National consumers’ league, High cost of living and the ten years’ 
program, 1920-1930 (New York, League). 

Nearing, Scott, Financing the wage earner’s family (New York, 
Huebsch, 1913). 


82 


Economics 180 


Nearing, Scott, Reducing the cost of living (Philadelphia, Jacobs, 
1914). 

Nesbitt, Florence, Household management (New York, Russell Sage 
Foundation, 1918). 

Nesbitt, Florence, Chicago standard budget for dependent families 
(Chicago, Council of Social Agencies, Bulletin 5, June 1919). 

New South Wales. Board of trade, Compendium on living wage decla¬ 
rations and reports, 1922 (Sydney, Government printing office). 

New York city. Board of estimate and apportionment, Report on 
increased cost of living for an unskilled laborer’s family in New 
York city, Feb. 1917. 

New York city. Charity organization society, Committee on home 
economics, Budget planning in social case work (Sept. 1919). 

New York city. Charity organization society. Committee on home 
economics, “My money won’t reach” (April 1918). 

New York state. Factory investigation commission, Report on cost 
of living, by F. H. Streightoff (in Fourth report, vol. 4, pp. 1461- 
1844, 1915). 

Odencrantz, L. C., Italian women in industry: conditions in New 
York city (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1919). 

Ogburn, W. F., Study of food costs in various cities, 1918-19 (Monthly 
labor review, pp. 1-25, Aug. 1919). 

Ogburn, W. F., Study of rents in various cities, 1918-19 (Monthly 
labor review, pp. 9-30, Sept. 1919). 

Oregon consumers’ league. Social survey committee, Wages and cost 
of living of women wage earners in Oregon (Portland, Keystone 
Press, 1913). 

Patten, S. K., Reconstruction of economic theory (Annals, vol. 44, 
pp. 57-63, Nov. 1912, suppl.). 

Petty, Sir William, Political arithmetic, 1690 (in Arber’s English 
garner, vol. 6, chap. 7). 

Piddington, A. B., The next step, a family basic income (London, 
Macmillan, 1921). 

Pigou, A. C., Wealth and welfare (London, Macmillan, 1912). 

Reeves, Mrs. W. P., Round about a pound a week (ed. 2, London, 
Bell, 1914). 

Richards, E. H., Cost of shelter (New York, Wiley, 1905). 

Richards, E. H., Cost of living as modified by sanitary science (ed. 2, 
New York, Wiley, 1900). 

Roberts, Peter, Authracite coal communities (New York, Macmillan, 
1904). 


The Control of Poverty 


83 


Rowntree, B. S., How the labourer lives (ed. 2, London, Nelson, 1913). 

Rowntree, B. S., Human needs of labour (London, Nelson, 1918). 

Rowntree, B. S., Land and labour in Belgium (London, Macmillan, 
1910). 

Rowntree, B. S., Poverty: a study in town life (ed. 4, London, Mac¬ 
millan, 1902), chaps. 3, 6, 7, 8. 

Rudinow, I. M., High cost of living (in American labor yearbook, pp. 
156-58, 1918). 

Ryan, John, A living wage (New York, Macmillan, 1906). 

Scott, W. R., Saving and the standard of life (in his Economic prob¬ 
lems of peace after war, ser. 1, pp. 83-97, 1917). 

Sears, Amelia, Charity visitor (ed. 3, Chicago, Chicago School of 
Civics and Philanthropy, 1918). 

Smart, William, Distribution of income (London, Macmillan, 1912). 

Smart, William, Studies in economics (London, Macmillan, 1895). 

Snowden, Philip, Living wage (London, Hodder, 1912). 

Sombart, Werner, Quintessence of capitalism (New York, Dutton, 
1915). 

St. Philip’s settlement. Education and research society, The equip¬ 
ment of the workers' (London, Allen, 1919). 

Streightoff, Frank, Distribution of incomes in United States (New 
York, Columbia University Press, 1912). 

Streightoff, Frank, Standard of living in America (New York, 
Houghton, 1911). 

Sydenstricker, Edgar, and Kind, W. G., Measurement of the relative 
economic status of families (American Statistical Association, 
Quarterly, vol. 17, p. 842-57, Sept. 1921). 

Talbot, Marion, and Breckinridge, S. P., Modern household (Boston, 
Whitcomb, 1919). 

Teachers’ college, N. Y., Household budget clubs; by Velma Phillips 
(Teachers’ College bulletin, ser. 10, no. 8, Feb. 1, 1919). 

U. S. Bureau of foreign commerce, Labor in Europe (1885). 

U. S. Bureau of labor, Wages and cost of living in United States 
(U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 53, July 1904). 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Cost of living in industrial centers 
in United States (Monthly labor review, pp. 147-68, May 1919). 

IT. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Tentative quantity and cost budget 
necessary for family of five in Washington, D. C., 1919. 

U. S. Dept, of commerce and labor, Report on conditions of women 
and child wage earners in United States, 1910—1913 (Senate docu¬ 
ment 645, 61 cong. 2 sess.), vol. 16. 

U. S. Food Administration, General index numbers of food prices on 
a nutritive value basis; by Raymond Pearl, 1918. 


84 


Economics 180 


U. S. House of representatives. Committee on foreign affairs, Inter¬ 
national inquiry into causes of high cost of living throughout 
the world (1910). 

U. S. President, Cost of living: address, Aug. 8, 1919. 

U. S. Railroad labor board, Decision on the living wage, 1922 (De¬ 
cision no. 1028, Docket 1300). 

TJ. S. Railroad wage commission, Report of commission, Apr. 30, 1918. 

Yeblen, Thorsten, Theory of the leisure class (New York, Macmillan, 
1899). 

Vesselitsky, V. de, Expenditure and waste in war time (London, Bell, 
1917). 

Watkins, G. P., Welfare as an economic quantity (New York, Hough¬ 
ton, 1915), pp. 91-97. 

Wicksteed, P. H., Common sense of political economy (London, Mac¬ 
millan, 1910). 

Women’s educational and industrial union. Department of research, 
Food for working women in Boston; by Lucile Eaves (Boston, 
Wright, 1917). 

Young, Arthur, Six months’ tour through the north of England (Lon¬ 
don, Strahan, 1770-72). 

Young, Arthur, Tour in Ireland (in Pinkerton, J., Voyages, vol. 3, 
pp. 811-76, 1808-14). 

Young, Arthur,.Travels in France, 1787-89 (ed. 3, London, Bell, 1890). 

For minimum wage, see: 

American association for labor legislation, Minimum wage legislation 
in the United States (American labor legislation review, vol. 8, 
pp. 355-64, Dec. 1918). 

Andrews, I. O., Minimum wage legislation (in New York state. Fac. 
tory investigating commission, Third report, pp. 167-413, 1914). 

Andrews, I. O., Relation of irregular employment to the living wage 
for women (American labor legislation review, vol. 5, pp. 267-418, 
June 1915). 

Black, Clementina, Sweated industry and minimum wage (London, 
Duckworth, 1907). 

Boyaval, Paul, Le lutte contre le sweating system, le minimum legal 
de salarie, 1’example de 1 ’Australasie et de l’Angleterre (Paris, 
Lille, 1911). 

Boyle, James, Minimum wage and syndicalism (Cincinnati, Stewart, 
1913). 

British Columbia. Minimum wage board, Orders: no. 1, Aug. 16, 
1919 to date (Victoria, B. C., Board). 


The Control of Poverty 


85 


California. Industrial welfare commission, Biennial reports: no. 1, 
1913-14 to date; I. W. C. orders: no. 1, 1916 to date (Sacramento, 
California State Printing Office). 

Case for a legal minimum wage, July 1906 (Fabian tract no. 128). 

Clark, L. D., Minimum wage laws of United States, construction and 
operation (U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 285, July 1921). 

Collier, V. S., Labor movement in Australasia (New York, Holt, 1906). 

Collier, P. S., Minimum wage legislation in Australiasia (Albany, 
Lyon, 1915). 

Commons, J. R., and Andrews, J. B., Principles of labor legislation ' 
(New York, Harper, 1920), chap. 4. 

District of Columbia. Minimum wage board, Annual reports: no. 1, 
1918 to date; Bulletins: no. 1, Jan. 29, 1919 to date; M. W. B. 
orders: no. 1, June 1913 to date. 

District of Columbia minimum wage cases. Court of appeals of Dis¬ 
trict of Columbia, October term, 1920, nos. 3438, 3467. Children’s 
hospital of District of Columbia vs. Jesse C. Atkins et al. of Mini¬ 
mum wage board. Brief for appellees by Felix Frankfurter (New 
York, C. P. Young Co., 1920). 

District of Columbia minimum wage cases. Supreme court of United 
States, October term, 1922, nos. 795, 796. Jesse C. Atkins et al. of 
Minimum wage board vs. Children’s hospital of District of Colum¬ 
bia. Brief for appellants ... by Felix Frankfurter (New York, 
National Consumers’ League, 1920). 

Douglas, D. W., American minimum wage laws at work (American 
economic review, vol. 9, pp. 701-38, Dec. 1919). 

Frankfurter, Felix, Hours of labor and realism in constitutional law 
Harvard law review, vol. 29, pp. 353-73, Feb. 1910). 

Goldmark, Josephine, Fatigue and efficiency (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1912). 

Great Britain. Home department, Wages boards and industrial con¬ 
ciliation and arbitration; report by Ernest Aves (London, H. M. 
Stationery Office, 1908). 

Great Britain. Ministry of labour. Committee of enquiry into work¬ 
ing and effects of Trade board acts, Report, Sept. 21, 1921 (London, 
H. M. S. Stationery Office, 1922). 

Hammond, M. B., Judicial interpretation of the minimum wage in 
Australia (American economics review, vol. 3, pp. 259-86, 1913). 

Hammond, M. B., Minimum wage in Great Britain and Australia 
(Annals, vol. 48, pp. 22-36, 1913). 

Holcombe, A. W., Legal minimum wage in the United States (Ameri¬ 
can economics review, vol. 2, pp. 21—37, Mar. 1912). 


86 


Economics 180 


Holcombe, A. N., What is the minimum wage? (Survey, vol. 29, 
pp. 74-76, Oct. 19, 1912). 

Jay, Raoul, Le minimum du «a,laire dans l’industrie de vetement 
(Paris, Alcan, 1915). 

Kansas. Industrial welfare commission, Biennial reports: no. 1, 
1914-15 to date; I. W. C. orders: no. 1, Oct. 25, 1916 to date. 

Kelley, Florence, Case for minimum wage boards (Survey, vol. 33, 
pp. 487-515, Feb. 6, 1915). 

Kellogg, P. U., Minimum wage and immigrant labor (National Con¬ 
ference of Charities and Corrections, Proceedings, pp. 165-76, 
1911). 

Manchester cooperative union. Minimum wage committee, Minimum 
wage campaign pamphlets: nos. 1-7, 1914 to date (Manchester, 
Eng., Union). 

Massachusetts. Commission on minimum wage, Report of the com¬ 
mission, 1912. 

Massachusetts. Commission on minimum wage, Annual reports, no. 1, 

1913 to date; Bulletins, no. 1, 1913 to date; Decrees, no. 1, Aug. 15, 

1914 to date. 

Millis, H. A., Some aspects of minimum wage (Journal of political 
economy, vol. 22, pp. 132-59, Feb. 1914). 

Minnesota. Minimum wage commission, Biennial reports, 1913-14 to 
date; Orders, no. 1, Oct. 23, 1914 to date. 

National civic federation. Minimum wage committee, Minimum wage 
by law; report by A. J. Porter, 1916 (New York, Federation). 

National conference of charities and correction. Committee on stand¬ 
ards of living and labor, Report of committee (in Proceedings, 
pp. 48-55, 1911; pp. 370-402, 1912. 

National consumers’ league, Minimum wage cpmmissions: current 
facts, Nov. 1919; Jan. 1920; Jan. 1921 (New York, League). 

New York city. Bureau of municipal research, Quantity and cost 
budgets for clerical workers in New York city, April 1921, by 
G. E. Mosher (Municipal research, no. 95, 1921). 

New York state. Factory investigating commission, Symposium on 
minimum wage problem (Fourth report, vol. 1, pp. 387-845, 1915). 

Obenauer, M. L., and Nienburg, Bertha, Effect of minimum wage 
determinations in Oregon, (U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 176, July 
1915). 

O’Grady, John, Legal minimum wage (Washington, National Capital 
Press, 1915). 

Oregon. Industrial welfare commission, Biennial reports: no. 1, 1913-14 
to date; I. W. C. orders; na. 1, 1914 to date. 


The Control of Poverty 


87 


Oregon. Industrial welfare commission, A living wage by legislation: 
the Oregon experience by E. Y. O’Hara (Salem, State Printing 
Dept., 1916). 

Oregon minimum wage cases. Supreme court of United States, Octo¬ 
ber term, 1916, nos. 25, 26. Frank C. Stettler, plaintiff in error, 
vs. Edwin V. O ’Hara et al. of Industrial welfare commission. Brief 
for defendants in error upon reargument by Felix Frankfurter 
(New York, National consumers’ league, 1916). 

Person, C. E., Estimate of a living wage for female workers (American 
Statistical Association, Quarterly, vol. 14, pp. 567-77, June 1915). 

Rankin, M. T., Arbitration and conciliation in Australasia (London, 
Allen, 1916). 

Ratan Tata foundation (University of London), Studies in the mini¬ 
mum wage (London, Bell, 1914 to date). 

Rowntree, B. S., and Kendall, May, How the labourer lives: the 
rural labourer’s problem (London, Nelson, 1913). 

Ryan, J. A., A living wage: its ethical and economic aspects (New 
York, Macmillan, 1906). 

St. Ledger, A. J. J., Australian socialism (London, Macmillan, 1909), 
pp. 78-129. 

Seager, H. R., Theory of minimum wage (American labor legislation 
review, vol. 3, pp. 81-91, Feb. 1913). 

Snowden, Philip, A living wage (London, Hodder, 1912). 

Streightoff, F. H., The standard of living among the industrial people 
of America (New York, Houghton, 1911), chap. 11. 

Taussig, F. W., Minimum wage for women (Quarterly journal of 
economics, vol. 30, pp. 411—42, May 1916). 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Industrial peace in Australia through 
minimum wage and industrial arbitration (Monthly labor review, 
vol. 9, pp. 208—15, June 1919. 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Minimum wage and maximum hours 
for women in United States and Canada (Monthly labor review, 
vol. 9, pp. 215-20, Nov. 1919). 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Minimum wage legislation in the 
United States and foreign countries, by C. H. Verrill (Bulletin, 
no. 167, Apr. 1918). 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Minimum wage rates for women 
established by National war labor board (Monthly labor review, 
vol. 8, pp. 203-209, Jan. 1919). 

U. S. Women in industry service, Minimum wage legislation in United 
States, April 1920 (chart 9). 


88 


Economics 180 


Ward, H. F., A living wage, a religious necessity (Boston, American 
Baptist Publication Society, 1916). 

Washington. Industrial welfare commission, Biennial reports, no. 1, 
1913-14 to date; I. W. C. orders, no. 1, 1913 to date. 

Webb, Sidney, Economic theory of a legal minimum wage (Journal 
of political economy, vol. 20, pp. 973-98, Dec. 1912). 

Wise, E. F., Wage boards in England (American economics review, 
vol. 2, pp. 1-20, Mar. 1912). 

On use of income and poverty, see: 

Canaan, Edwin, Wealth (London, King, 1914). 

Hobson, J. A., Work and wealth (New York, Macmillan, 1914). 

Nearing, Scott, Income (New York, Macmillan, 1915). 

Smart, William, Studies in economics (London, Macmillan, 1895). 

Smiles, Samuel, Thrift (London, 1875). 

Sombart, Werner, The quintessence of capitalism (New York, Dutton, 
1915). 

Urwick, E. J., Luxury and waste of life (London, Dent, 1908). 

Veblen, B., Theory of the leisure class (New York, Macmillan, 1899). 

Wicksteed, P. H., Common sense of political economy (London, Mac¬ 
millan, 1910). 

Withers, Hartley, Poverty and waste (London, Elder, 1914). 

On population and poverty, see: 

Carr-Saunders, A. M., The population problem (Oxford, Clarendon 
Press, 1922). 

Chiozza-Money, L. B., Riches and poverty (ed. 3, London, Methuen, 
1906), chap. 16, 17. 

Chiozza-Money, L. B., Things that matter (London, Methuen, 1912), 
chap. 4. 

Drysdale, C. V., The small family system (London, Fifield, 1913). 

Hobson, J. A., The social problem (New York, Nisbet, 1919), chap. 11. 

Malthus, T. R., Essay on population, 1902 (London, Dent, 1914). 

Mombert, Paul, Studien zur bevolkerungbewegung in Deutschland in 
den letzten jahrzehnten (Karlsruhe, Braunsche Hofbuchdruck- 
erei und Yerlag, 1907). 

Newman, George, Infant mortality; a social problem (London, 
Methuen, 1906). 



The Control of Poverty 


89 


Newsholme, Arthur, The declining birthrate; its national and interna¬ 
tional importance (New York, Moffat, 1911). 

Taussig, F. W., Principles of economics (New York, Macmillan, 1912), 
vol. 2, chap. 52, 53. 

Wells, H. G., Mankind in the making (New York, Scribner, 1904). 

Whetham, W. C. D., and C. D., The family and the nation (London, 
Longmans, 1909). 

Wolfe, A. B., Readings in social problems (New York, Ginn, 1916), 
bk. 1. 

On mental deviation and poverty, see: 

Barr, M. W., Mental defectives (Philadelphia, Blakiston, 1910). 

Bridgman, Olga, Experimental study of abnormal children, with 
special reference to problems of dependency and delinquency 
(University of California, Publications in psychology, vol. 3, no. 1, 
Mar. 30, 1918). 

Danielson, F. H., arid Davenport, C. B., Hill folk; report on a rural 
community of hereditary defectives (New York, Cold Spring Harbor, 
1912). 

Dugdale, R. L., The Jukes (New York, Putnam, 1877). 

Estabrook, A. H., and Davenport, C. B., The Nam family (New York, 
Cold Spring Harbor, 1912). 

Goddard, H. H., Feeblemindedness; its causes and consequences (New 
York, Macmillan, 1914). 

Goddard, H. H., Heredity of feeblemindedness (New York, Cold 
Spring Harbor, 1911). 

Goddard, H. H., Human efficiency and levels of intelligence (Prince¬ 
ton, University Press, 1920). 

Goddard, H. H., The Kallikak family (New York, Macmillan, 1916). 

Great Britain. Royal Commission on the care and control of the 
feebleminded, Report of the commission, 1908 (London, H. M. 
Stationery Office). 

Hicks, Vinnie, What constitutes a subnormal child, and to what extent 
can it be trained? (National Educational Association, Proceedings, 
pp. 1087-93, 1911). 

Johnson, Alexander, Concerning a. form of degeneracy: condition and 
increase of feebleminded; education and care of feebleminded 
(American journal of sociology, vol. 4, pp. 326-34, Nov. 1898; 
pp. 463-73, Jan. 1899). 

Lydston, G. F., Diseases of society (Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1904). 


90 


Economics 180 


McCulloch, Oscar, Tribe of Ishmael (National Conference of Chanties 
and Correction, Proceedings, pp. 154-59, 1888). 

McKim, W. D., Heredity and human progress (New York, Putnam, 
1901). 

National committee for mental hygiene, Publications, 1910 to date 
(New York, Committee). 

National committee for mental hygiene, Summary of state laws in 
relation to feebleminded and epileptic, by S. W. Hamilton and 
Eoy Haber (New York, Committee, 1917). 

New York. State board of charities. Bureau of analysis and investi¬ 
gation, Eugenics and social welfare bulletins no. 1, 1912 to date 
(Albany, Lyon). 

New York state. Commission to investigate provision for the mentally 
deficient, Report of the commission, Feb. 15, 1915 (Albany, Lyon), j 

Public education association of New York City, Feebleminded in New 
York, by Anne Moore (New York, Association, 1911). 

Rogers, A. C., and Merrill, Maud, Dwellers in the Yale of Siddem; , 
a true story of the social aspect of feeblemindedness (Boston, 

Badger, 1919). I 

State charities aid association of New York. Committee for mental 
hygiene, Publications, 1910 to date (Albany, Lyon). 

Tredgold, A. F., Mental deficiency (ed. 2, New York, Wood, 1915). 


U. S. Children’s bureau, Dependent, defective and delinquent classes 
series: Publications, 1914 to date. 

Winship, A. E., Jukes-Edwards: a study in education and heredity 
(Harrisburg, Myers, 1900). 

Woods, Amy, Community supervision of the feebleminded; analysis 
of 300 families in which there is mental defect (League for Pre¬ 
ventive Work, Publications, no. 5, 1918). 


On immigration and poverty, see: 

Abbott, Grace, Immigrant and the community 
1917). 


(New York, Century, • 


Addams, Jane, Newer ideals of peace (New York, Macmillan, 1907). 


Addams, Jane, Twenty years at Hull House (New York, Macmillan, 
1910). 

Adams, T. S., and Sumner, Helen, Labor problems (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1905), pp. 68-114. 

American academy of political and social science, Government in its 
relation to industry (Annals, vol. 24, 1904). 


The Control of Poverty 91 

Antin, Mary, They who knock at our gates (New York, Houghton, 
1914). 

Balch, E. C., Our Slavic fellow citizens (New York, Charities Pub¬ 
lication Committee, 1910). 

Bloch, Louis, Occupations of immigrants before and after coming to 
the United States (American Statistical Association, Quarterly, 
vol. 17, pp. 750-64, June 1921). 

Brandenburg, Broughton, Imported Americans (New York, Stokes, 
1904). 

Breckinridge, S. P., New homes for old (New York, Harper, 1921). 

Byington, Margaret, Homestead: the households of a mill town (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1909). 

California. Commission of immigration and housing, Immigration 
pamphlets, 1914 to date (Sacramento, State Printing Office). 

Carleton, William, One way out; a middle-class New Englander emi¬ 
grates to America (Boston, Small, 1911). 

Claghorn, K. H., Immigrants’ day in court'(New York, Harper, 1923). 

Cleveland Americanization committee, Publications, 1918. 

Commons, J. R., Races and immigrants in America (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1911). \ 

Commonwealth club of California, Immigration (Transactions, 
pp. 458-524, Jan. 1920). 

Coolidge, M. R. S., Chinese immigration (New York, Holt, 1909). 

Daniel, John, Americanization via the neighborhood (New York, 
Harper, 1920). 

Davis, Jerome, Russian immigrant (New York, Macmillan, 1922). 

Davis, M. M., Jr., Immigrant health and the community (New York, 
Harper, 1921). 

Davis, Phillip, Immigration and Americanization (New York, Ginn, 
1920). 

Eaves, Lucile, History of California labor legislation (University of 
California, Publications in economics, vol. 2, 1910). 

Evans, Gordon, W. E., Alien immigration (New York, Scribner, 1903). 

Fairchild, H. P., Immigration; a world movement and its American 
significance (New York, Macmillan, 1913). 

Fairchild, H. P., Problems of immigration and the foreign-born after 
the war (in National Institute of Social Sciences, Reconstruction 
after the war, pp. 89-98, 1918). 

Fairchild, H. P., Greek immigration to the United States (Yale Uni¬ 
versity Press, 1911). 


Economics 180 


Faust, A. B., German element in the United States ' (New York, 
Houghton, 1909). 

Fetter, F. A., Population or prosperity (American economic review, 
vol. 3, pp. 5-19, March supplement, 1913). 

Fitch, J. A., Steel workers (Pittsburgh survey). (New York Charities 
Publication Committee, 1910). 

Foerster, R. F., Italian emigration of our times (Cambridge, Harvard 
University Press, 1919). 

Gavit, J. P., Americans by choice (New York, Harper, 1922). 

Gulick, S. L., American democracy and Asiatic citizenship (New York, 
Scribner, 1918). 

Hall, P. F., Immigration and its effect upon the United States (New 
York, Holt, 1907). 

Haskin, F. J., The immigrant, an asset and a liability (New York, 
Re veil, 1913). 

Holt, Hamilton, Life stories of undistinguished Americans as told by 
themselves (New York, Pott, 1906). 

Hourwich, I. A., Immigration and labor: economic aspects of European 
immigration to United States (New York, Putnam, 1912). 

International immigration congress, Immigration; some new phases 
of the problem: addresses, edited by N. Y. Lenz, 1915. 

Jenks, J. W., and Lauck, W. J., Immigration problems; a study of 
American immigration conditions and needs (New York, Funk, 
1913). 

Kellor, F. A., Federal administration and the alien (New York, Doran, 
1921). 

Mariano, J. H., Second generation of Italians in New York city 
(Boston, Christopher Publishing House, 1921). 

Massachusetts. Commission on immigration, Problem of immigration: 
report, 1914. 

Massachusetts. Department of education, Immigrant races in Massa¬ 
chusetts: the Greeks; the Syrians, by W. I. Cole (1920). 

Mavo-Smith, Richmond, Emigration and immigration (New York, 
Scribner, 1890). 

Mayo-Smith, Richmond, Statistics and economics (Baltimore, Amer¬ 
ican Economies Association, 1888). 

National industrial conference board, Immigration problem in the 
United States (Research report no. 58, May 1923). 

Orth, S. P., Our foreigners: chronicle of Americans in the making 
(New Haven, Yale University Press, 1920). 





The Control of Poverty 


93 


Panunzio, C. M., Soul of an immigrant (New York, Macmillan, 1921). 

Park, E. E., and Miller, H. A., Old world traits transplanted (New 
York, Harper, 1921). 

Park, E. E., Immigrant press and its control (New York, Harper, 
1922). 

Pickering, Joseph, Inquiries of an emigrant; narrative of an English 
farmer from 1824-1830, traversing United States and Canada with 
a view to settle as an emigrant (London, E. Wilson, 1831). 

Present day immigration, wdtli special reference to the Japanese 
(Annals, vol. 93, Jan. 1921). 

Eiis, Jacob, How the other half lives: studies among the tenements 
(New York, Scribner, 1903). 

Eoberts, Peter, New Immigration: study of southeastern Europeans 
in America (New York, Macmillan, 1912). 

Eoss, E. A., The old world in the new: the significance of past and 
present immigration to the American people (New York, Century, 
1914). 

Steiner, E. A., From alien to citizen (New York, Eevell, 1914). 

Steiner, E. A., Immigration tide, its ebb and flow (New York, Eevell, 
1909). 

Steiner, E. A., On the trail of the immigrant (New York, Eevell, 1906). 

Steiner, J. F., Japanese invasion: study in the psychology of inter¬ 
racial contacts (Chicago, McClurg, 1917). 

Speck, P. A., A stake in the land (New York, Harper, 1921). 

Tenney, A. A., Social democracy and population (New York, Columbia 
University Press, 1907). 

U. S. Bureau of immigration, Annual reports of Commissioner-gen¬ 
eral; rules and regulations 1911 to date (Washington, Government 
Printing Office). 

U. S. Immigration commission, Eeports of the commission, 1911 
(Washington, Government Printing Office), 

Warne, F. J., The tide of immigration (New York, Appleton, 1916). 

Warne, F. J., The immigration invasion (New York, Dodd, 1913). 

Whelpley, J. D., Problem of the immigrant (London, Chapman, 1905). 

Woods, E. A., Americans in process (Boston, Houghton, 1902). 


94 


Economics 180 


On work and poverty , see: 

Ely, R. T., and others, The foundations of national prosperity (New 
York, Macmillan, 1917), especially pt. 4, Conservation of human 
resources, by Thomas Nixon Carver. 

Hutchins, B. L., and Harrison, A., History of factory legislation (ed. 2, 
London, King, 1911). 

Kelley, Florence, Modern industry (New York, Longmans, 1914). 

Rogers, J. E. T., Six centuries of work and wages (ed. 8, London, 
Sonnenschein, 1906). 

Stone, Gilbert, History of labor (New York, Macmillan, 1922). 

On children and wage work, see: 

Alden, Margaret, Child life and labour (ed. 3, London, Headley, 1913). 

Andrews, I. 0., and Hobbs, M. A., Economic effect of the war upon 
women and children in Great Britain (New York, Oxford Univer¬ 
sity Press, 1918). 

Brown, F. K., Through the mill: the life of a mill boy, by A1 Priddy 
(pseud.). (Boston, Pilgrim Press, 1911.) 

Bruere, R. W., Physiological age and child labor (National Educational 
Association, Journal, pp. 924—30, 1908). 

Chamberlain, A. F., The child: study in evolution of man (London, 
Scott, 1901). 

Child and juvenile labor and apprenticeship (in Labour yearbook, 
pp. 279-302, 1916). 

Dunlop, O. J., and Denman, R. D., English apprenticeship and child 
labour (London, Unwin, 1912). 

Clopper, E. N., Child labor in city streets (New York, Macmillan, 
1912). 

Engel, Sigmund, Elements of child protection; translated by Paul 
Eden (New York, Macmillan, 1912), chap. 4. 

Garnet, W. H. S., Children and the law (London, Murray, 1911). 

Great Britain. Royal commission on the poor laws, Minority report, 
by Sidney and Beatrice Webb (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 
1909), vol. 3, pt. 1, chap. 4. 

Great Britain. Royal commission on the poor laws, Report on boy 
labourers, by Cyril Jackson (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1909). 

Hutchins, B. L., and Harrison, A., History of factory legislation 
(ed. 2, London, King, 1911), chaps. 1, 2. 

Kelley, Florence, Some ethical gains through legislation (New York, 
Macmillan, 1905), chap. 2. 

Lathrop, J. C., Shall this country economize for or against its children? 
(National Educational Association, Proceedings, pp. 76-80, 1917). 


The Control of Poverty 95 

Mangold, G. B., Problems of child welfare (New York, Macmillan, 
1914), pt. 4. 

Montgomery, Louise, The American girl in the stockyards district 
(Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1913). 

National child labor committee, Child labor bulletin, vol. 1, no. 1, 
June 1912 to 1919; American child, 1919 to date. 

National child labor committee, Proceedings, 1905 to date. 

Ogburn, W. F., Progress and uniformity in child labor legislation: a 
study in statistical measurement (New York, Columbia University 
Press, 1912). 

Cherard, R. H., Child slaves of Britain (London, Hurst, 1905). 

Ensign, F. C., Compulsory school attendance and child labor (Iowa 
City, Athens Press, 1921). 

Loughran, M. E., Historical development of child labor legislation 
in United States (Washington, Catholic University in America, 
1921). 

Spargo, John, Bitter cry of the children (New York, Macmillan, 1906). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Child labor in the United States; ten ques¬ 
tions answered, 1923 (Publication 114). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Industrial instability of child workers, 1920 
(Publication 74). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Industrial series: Publications, 1913 to date. 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Physical standards for working children, 
1921 (Conference series 4). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, States and child labor (Publication 58, 1919). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, State child labor standards, Jan., 1921 (Chart 
series, 1). 

U. S Children’s bureau, State compulsory school attendance standards 
affecting employment of minors, Jan., 1921 (Chart series, 2). 

U. S. Children’s bureau, Working children of Boston: a study of child 
labor under a modern system of legal regulation, May 31, 1921 
(Publication 89). 

U. S. Dept, of commerce and labor, Condition of woman and child 
wage earners in United States. Report, 1910-1913 (Senate docu¬ 
ment 645, 61 cong. 2 sess.), vol. 1, 3, 6, 7. 

Yeditz, C. N. A., Child labor legislation in Europe (U. S. Bulletin of 
labor, no. 89, July, 1910). 

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, Prevention of destitution (London, Long¬ 
mans, 1911), chap. 4. 

Whitehouse, J. H., Problems of boy life (London, King, 1912), 
pp. 17-123. 

Willoughby, W. F., and Graffenried, Clare de, Child labor (American 
Economics Association, Monographs, vol. 5, no. 2, 1890). 


96 


Economics 180 


On vocational guidance and education , see: 

Beveridge, W. H., Unemployment (London, Longmans, 1917), pp. 125-33. 

Bloomfield, Meyer, School and the start in life: study of relation 
between school and employment in England, Scotland and Ger¬ 
many (U. S. Bureau of Education, Bulletin np. 4, 1914). 

Bloomfield, Mey.er, Youth, school and vacation (Boston, Houghton, 
1915). * ,tj 

Boone, R. G., Social phases of vocational education (National Educa¬ 
tional Association, Journal, pp. 837-41, 1915). 

Brewer, J. M., Vocational guidance movement (New York, Macmillan, 
1918). 

Chicago school of civics and philanthropy. Dept, of social investiga¬ 
tion, Finding employment for children who leave the grade schools 
to go to work (Chicago, Hollister Press, 1911). 

City club of Chicago. Committee on education, Report on vocational 
training in Chicago and in other cities (Chicago, Club, 1912). 

Cole, Percival, Industrial education in the elementary school (Boston, 
Houghton, 1914). 

Dewey, John, Vocational aspects of education (in Ms Democracy and 
education, 1916), pp. 358-74. 

Federal board for vocational education, Part-time schools, a survey of 
the United States and foreign countries (Bulletin, 73, 1922). 

Gillette, J. M., Vocational education (New York, American Book Co., 
1910). 

Gowin, E. B., and Wheatley, W. A., Occupations: a textbook in voca¬ 
tional guidance (Boston, Ginn, 1916). 

Great Britain. Board of education, Committee on juvenile education 
relative to employment after war, Final report of the committee, 
1917 (London, H. M. Stationery Office). 

Hoerle, H. C., and Saltzberg, F. B., The girl and the job (New York, 
Holt, 1919). 

Lutz, R. R., Wage earning and education (Cleveland Foundation, Pub¬ 
lication 25, 1916). 

McKeever, W. A., Farm boys and girls (New York, Macmillan, 1912), 
chaps, 18, 19. 

McKinney, J., and Simons, A. M., Success through vocational guidance: 
occupation analysis (Chicago, American School, 1922). 

Marot, Helen, Creative impulses in industry (New York, Dutton, 
3918). 

Muensterberg, Hugo, Vocation and learning (St. Louis, People’s Uni¬ 
versity, 1912). 

Parson, Frank, Choosing a vocation (Boston, Houghton, 1912). 


The Control of Poverty 


97 


Prosser, C. A., Evolution of the training of the worker in industry 
(National Educational Association, Journal, pp. 296—308, 1915). 

Public education association of the city of New York, Vocational 
guidance survey; report by A. P. Barrows, Dec. 12, 1912 (Bulletin 
10, 1913). 

Puffer, J. A., Vocational guidance, the teacher as counselor (Chicago, 
Rand, 1914). 

Reed, A. Y., Voca.ional guidance report, 1913-16 (Seattle, Board of 
School Directors, 1916). 

U. S. Bureau of education, Part-time education of various types 
(Bulletin 5, 1921). 

Whitehouse, J. H., Problems of boy life (London, King, 1912), chaps. 

1 , 11 . 

On dangerous trades and poverty , see: 

Academy of political science of New York city, Business and the 
public welfare (Proceedings, vol. 2, 1912). 

Academy of political and social science, Risks in modern business 
(Annals, vol. 38, 1911). 

Australia. Bureau of census and statistics, Workmen’s compensation: 
conspectus (in Official yearbook, pp. 964-69, 1917). 

Chiozza-Money, L. G., Insurance versus poverty (London, Methuen, 
1912). 

Clarke, Allen, Effects of the factory system (London, Richards, 1899). 

Commons, J. R., and Andrews, J. B., Principles of labor legislation 
(New York, Harper, 1916), chaps. 7, 8. 

Conyngton, Mary K., Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in dim¬ 
inishing the need to employ women and children, Dec. 1917 (U. S. 
Bulletin of labor, no. 217, 1918). 

Dawson, W. H., Social insurance in Germany, 1883-1911 (London, 
Unwin, 1912). 

Devine, E. T., Misery and its causes (New York, Macmillan, 1909). 

Doehring, C. F. W., Factory sanitation and labor protection (U. S. 
Bulletin of labor, no. 44, Jan. 1903). 

Eastman, Crystal, Work accidents and the law (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1909). 

Frankel, L. K., and Dawson, M. M., Workingmen’s insurance in 
Europe (New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1910). 

French, W. J., The larger idea in workmen’s compensation (Monthly 
labor review, pp. 317-22, Nov. 1919). 


98 


Economics 180 


Great Britain. Home department, Protective clothing for women and 
girl workers employed in factories and workshops (London, H. M. 
Stationery office, 1917). 

Hookstadt, Carl, Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws in the 
United States, Dec. 31, 1917 (U. S. Bulletin of labor, no. 240, May 
1918). 

Hookstadt, Carl, Compensation for occupational diseases in United 
States and foreign countries (Monthly labor review, vol. 8, pp. 
200-209, April 1919). 

Hutchins, B. L., and Harrison, A., History of factory legislation 
(ed. 2, London, King, 1911), chap. 10. 

Illinois. State insurance commission, Report of the commission, 1919 
(Springfield, State Printing Office). 

International association of industrial accident boards and commis¬ 
sions, Proceedings of conference on social insurance, Dec. 1916 (U. S. 
Bulletin of labor, no. 212, 1917). 

Legge, T. M., Occupational diseases, Feb. 18, 1919 (Manchester, Uni¬ 
versity Press, 1919). 

Lincoln, J. T., The factory (Boston, Houghton, 1912). 

Meeker, Royal, Lacks in workmen’s compensation (Monthly labor 
review, vol. 8, pp. 1-11, Feb. 1919). 

Meeker, Royal, Minimum requirements in compensatiohal legislation 
(Monthly labor review, vol. 9, pp. 280-93, Nov. 1919). 

New York state. Factory investigating commission, Report of the 
commission, 1912-1915 (Albany, Lyon). 

Oliver, Sir Thomas, Dangerous trades (London, Murray, 1902). 

Oliver, Sir Thomas, Occupations from the social, hygienic and medical 
points of view (Cambridge, Eng., University Press, 1916). 

Rubinow, I. M., Social insurance (New York, Holt, 1916). 

Seager, H. R., Social insurance (New York, Macmillan, 1910). 

Thompson, W. G., Occupational diseases (New York, Appleton, 1914). 

On sweating system, as reason for minimum wage legislation: 

Adams, T. S., and Sumner, Helen, Labor problems (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1905), pp. 132-35, 551-55. 

Black, Clementina, Sweated industry and the minimum wage (London, 
Duckworth, 1907). 

Bosanquet, Helen, Standard of life (London, Macmillan, 1899), 
pp. 137-74. 

Cadbury, Edward, and Shann, George, Sweating (London, Headley, 
1907). 


The Control of Poverty 


99 


Collet, C. E., Educated working women (London, King, 1902). 

Commons, J. R., Trade unionism and labor problems (Boston, Ginn, 
1905), chap. 14. 

Consumers ’ league of the city of New York, Publications (New York, 
League). 

Great Britain. House of Lords. Select committee on the sweating 
system, Reports from the committee, 1888-1890 (London, Hansard). 

Hull House maps and papers (New York, Crowell, 1895). 

Hutchins, B. L., Home work and sweating; the causes and remedies 
(Fabian tract, no. 130, 1907). 

Kelley, Florence, Some ethical gains through legislation (New York, 
Macmillan, 1905), chaps. 6, 7, and appendix 5. 

Levasseur, fimile, The American workman; translated by T. S. Adams 
(Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1900). 

Mallock, W. H., Classes and masses (London, Black, 1896), chap. 4. 

Mallock, W. H., Labour and the popular welfare (London, Black, 
1895), bk. 1, chap. 3. 

National consumers’ league, Publications, 1912 to date (New York, 
League), especially Case for the shorter work day, 1916. 

U. S. Dept, of commerce and labor, Condition of women and child 
wage earners in United States, 1910-1913 (Senate document 645, 
61 cong. 2 sess.), vol. 2. 

U. S. House of representatives. Committee on manufactures, Report 
on the sweating system, Jan. 20, 1893 (House report, no. 2309, 
52 cong. 2 sess., 1893). 

Van Kleeck, Mary, Artificial flower makers (New York, Survey Asso¬ 
ciates, 1913). 

On women in industry, see: 

Abbott, Edith, Women in industry (New York, Appleton, 1909). 

Andrews, I. O., and Hobbs, M. A., Economic effects of the war upon 
women and children in Great Britain (New York, Oxford Univer¬ 
sity Press, 1918). 

Bondfield, Margaret, Future of women in industry (in Labour year¬ 
book, pp. 253-79, 1916). 

Butler, E. B., Women and the trades: Pittsburgh, 1907-1908 (New 
York, Charities Publication Committee, 1909). 

Cadbury, Edward, and others, Women’s work and wages (London, 
Unwin, 1907). 

Campbell, Helen, Prisoners of; poverty: women wage earners, their 
trades and their lives (Boston, Little, 1900). 

Campbell, Helen, Prisoners of poverty abroad (Boston, Roberts, 1890). 


100 


Economics 180 



Clark, Alice, Working life of women in the seventeenth century (Lon¬ 
don, Routledge, 1919). 

Clark, S. A., and Wyatt, Edith, Making both ends meet (New York, 
Macmillan, 1911). 

Collier, D. J., The girl in industry (London, Bell, 1918). 

Drake, Barbara, Women in engineering trades (Fabian Society, Trade 
union ser. no. 3, 1917). 

Fraser, Helen, Women and war work (New York, Shaw, 1918). 

Goldmark, Josephine, Fatigue and efficiency (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1912). 

Hutchins, B. L., Women in modern industry (London, Bell, 1915). 

Kingsbury, S. M., Relation of women to industry (American Socio¬ 
logical Society, Publications, vol. 15, pp. 141-62, 1920). 

Lattimore, E. L., and Trent, R. S., Legal recognition of industrial 
women (New York, Women’s Press, 1919). 

Macdonald, J. R., Women in the printing trades: a sociological study 
(London, King, 1904). 

McLean, A. M., Wage earning women (New York, Macmillan, 1910). 

O’Hara, E. V., Oregon minimum wage cases: Frank C. Stettler, plain¬ 
tiff in error versus Oregon industrial welfare commission; Elmira 
Simpson, plaintiff in error versus Oregon industrial welfare com¬ 
mission. Brief for defendants in error upon reargument (New 
York, National Consumers’ League, 1916). 

Popp, Adelheid, The autobiography of a working woman; translated 
by E. C. Harvey (London, Unwin, 1912). 

Schreiner, Olive, Women and labor (New York, Stokes, 1911). 

Tuckwell, G. M., and-others, Woman in industry, from seven points of 
view (London, Duckworth, 1910). 

L T . S. Bureau of labor statistics, Unemployment and unemployment 
relief in Germany and Austria (Monthly labor review, vol. 10, 
pp. 168-73, Feb. 1920). 

U. S. Dept, of commerce and labor, Report on condition of women 
and child wage earners in the United States (Washington, Gov¬ 
ernment Printing Office, 1910-1913). 

U. S. Women’s bureau, Publications, 1918 to date (Washington, Gov¬ 
ernment Printing Office). 

Van Kleeck, Mary, A seasonal industry: a study of the millinery trade 
in New York (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1917). 

Van Kleeck, Mary, Women in the bookbinding trades (New York, 
Survey Associates, 1913). 

Van Vorst, Bessie and Marie, The woman who toils (New York, 
Doubleday, 1903). 

Women’s educational and industrial union. Dept, of research, Studies 
in economic relations of women, 1915 to date (Boston, Union). 





The Control of Poverty 


101 


For unemployment, see: 

Adams, T. S., and Sumner, Helen, Labor problems (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1905), p. 175-206. 

Alden, Percy, The unemployed (ed. 2, London, King, 1905). 

Alden, Percy, Unemployment, Oct. 21, 1919 (Manchester, University 
Press, 1920). 

Barnes, C. B., Employment and the labor market (in New York state. 
Industrial Safety Congress, Proceedings, pp. 224-47, 1917). 

Beveridge, W. H., Unemployment (ed. 3, London, Longmans, 1912). 

Bilgram, Hugo, Involuntary idleness (Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1889). 

Borrel, Antoine, La lutte contre le chomage, avant, pendant et apres 
le guerre (Paris, Dunod, 1917). 

Central body (unemployed) for London, Reports, 1906 to date 
(London, King). 

Chapman, S. J., and Hallsworth, H. M., Unemployment; the results of 
an investigation in Lancashire (Manchester, University Press, 
1909). 

Cohen, J. L., Insurance against unemployment (London, King, 1921). 

Cole, G. D. H., Unemployment and industrial maintenance (London, 
National Guilds League, 1921). 

Commons, J. R., Trade unionism and labor problems (Boston, Ginn, 
1905), chap. 27. 

Commons, J. R., and Andrew, J. B., Principles of labor legislation 
(New York, Harper, 1920), chap. 6. 

Dawson, W. H., The vagrancy problem (London, King, 1910). 

Devine, E. T., Federal employment service: analysis and forecast 
(Survey, vol. 42, pp. 9-17, Apr. 5, 1919). 

Drage, Geoffrey, The unemployed (New York, Macmillan, 1894). 

Great Britain. Board of trade, Report on agencies and methods of 
dealing with the unemployed (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 
1893). 

Hart, Hornell, Fluctuations in unemployment in cities in the United 
States, 1902-1917 (Helen S. Trounstine Foundation, Studies, vol. 1, 
no. 2, May 15, 1918). 

Hobson, J. A., Economics of unemployment (London, King, 1922). 

Hobson, J. A., The problem of the unemployed, an enquiry and an 
economic policy (London, Methuen, 1896). 

International labour office. Unemployment inquiry, Remedies for 
unemployment: report of inquiry, 1922 (New York, American 
Association for Labor Legislation, 1922). 


102 


Economics 180 


Jackson, Cyril, Unemployment and the trade unions (London, Long¬ 
mans, 1910). 

Johnson, J. E., Unemployment: selected articles (ed. 2, New York, 
Wilson, 1921). 

Kellor, F. A., Out of work: a study of unemployment (New York, 
Putnam, 1915). 

Kelly, Edmond, The unemployables (London, King, 1907). 

King., W. I., Employment, hours and earnings in prosperity and de¬ 
pression in United States, 1920-1922 (New York, National Bureau 
of Economic Research, 1923). 

Leiserson, W. M., Unemployment in the state of New York (New 
York, Columbia University Press, 1911). 

Lescohier, Don, The labor market (New York, Macmillan, 1919). 

Mills, F. C., Contemporary theories of unemployment and of unem¬ 
ployment relief (New York, Columbia University Press, 1917). 

National bureau of economic research, Business cycles and unemploy¬ 
ment (New York, Bureau, 1923). 

National bureau of economic research, Employment: hours and earn¬ 
ings in United States, 1920-1922, by W. I. King (New York, 
Bureau, 1923). 

National conference on prevention of destitution, Report of the Un¬ 
employment section (Proceedings, pp. 375-550, 1911). 

National industrial conference board, Unemployment insurance in 
theory and practice, June 1922 (Research report, no. 51). 

National industrial conference board, Unemployment problem, Nov. 
1921 (Research report, no. 43). 

New York city. Mayor’s committee of unemployment, Dock employ¬ 
ment in New York City, and recommendations for its regulariza¬ 
tion, Oct. 1916. 

New York city. Mayor’s committee of unemployment, How to meet 
hard times, Jan. 1917 (New York, Nathan, 1917). 

New York city. Mayor’s committee of unemployment, Planning public 
expenditures to compensate for decreased private employment dur¬ 
ing business depression; by J. R. Shillady, Nov. 1916. 

New York state. Department of labor, Course of employment in New 
York from 1904 to 1916 (Special bulletin no. 85, July 1917). 

Passelecq, Fernand, Unemployment in Belgium during the German oc¬ 
cupation (London, Hodder, 1917). 

Pigou, A. C., Unemployment (New York, Holt, 1914). 

Reason, Will, Our industrial outcasts; by members of the Christian 
social brotherhood (London, Melrose, 1905). 






The Control of Poverty 


103 


Rowntree, B. S., and Lasker, Bruno, Unemployment, a social study 
(London, Macmillan, 1911). 

Smelser, D. P., Unemployment and American trade unions (Baltimore, 
Johns Hopkins Press, 1919). ♦ 

Solenberger, Alice, One thousand homeless men (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1911). 

Sutherland, E. \H., Unemployed and public employment agencies 
(Chicago, Cameron, 1914). 

Webb, Sidney, The public organization of the labour market (London, 
Longmans, 1909). 

Willits, J. H., Steadying employment (Annals, vol. 65, May 1916, 
supplement. 

On adverse conditions in the home and poverty, see the following: 

For the public health movement, see: 

Adams, S. H., The health master (Boston, Houghton, 1913). 

Allen, W. H., Civics and health (Boston, Ginn, 1909). 

American public health association, Public health papers and reports, 
1873 to date (New York, Association). 

Bannington, B. G., English public health administration (London, 
King, 1915). 

Bashore, H. B., Sanitation of recreation camps and parks (New York, 
Wiley, 1915). 

Brewer, I. W., Rural hygiene (ed. 2, Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1913). 

Broadhurst, Jean, Home and community hygiene (Philadelphia, Lip¬ 
pincott, 1918). 

Cabot, R. C., Social work; essays on the meeting ground of doctor and 
social worker (Boston, Houghton, 1919). 

California. Commission on immigration and housing, Camp sanitation 
(revised ed., Sacramento, State Printing Office, 1920). 

California. Social insurance commission, Reports: Jan. 25, 1917; Mar. 
31, 1919 (Sacramento, State Printing Office). 

Chadwick, Edwin, Report on sanitaiy condition of the laboring classes 
of Great Britain (London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1843). 

Chapin, C. V., How to avoid infection (Cambridge, Harvard Univer¬ 
sity Press, 1917). 

Chapin, C. V., Municipal sanitation in United States (Providence, 
Farnham, 1907). 

Fisher, Irving, How to live (New York, Funk, 1917). 

Fisher, Irving, Report on national vitality (Washington, Government 
Printing Office, 1909). 


104 


Economics 180 


Gerard, W. P., Guide to sanitary inspectors (ed. 4, New York, Wiley, 
1919), pp. 227-29. 

Goldmark, Josephine, Fatigue and efficiency (New York, Charities 
Publication Committee, 1912). 

Health legislation for wage-earners’ families (American labor legis¬ 
lation review, vol. 11, pp. 60^105, Mar. 1921). 

Heath, H. L., The infant, the parent and the state (London, King, 
1907), pp. 89-115. 

Hemenway, H. B., American public health protection (Indianapolis, 
Bobbs-Merrill, 1916). 

Hemenway, H. B., Legal principles of public health administration 
(Chicago, Flood, 1914). 

Hill, H. W., The new public health (NeAv York, Macmillan, 1916). 

Hutchins, B. L., The public health agitation, 1833-1848 (London, 
Fi field, 1909). 

Illinois health insurance commission, Report May 1, 1919 (Springfield, 
Illinois State Journal Co.). 

Jephson, H. L., Sanitary evolution of London (London, Unwin, 1907). 

Lee, F. S., The human machine and industrial efficiency (New York, 
Longmans, 1918). 

McVail, J. C., Prevention of infectious diseases (London, Macmillan, 
1907). 

New Haven civic federation, Health survey of New Haven; report by 
C. E. A. Winslow and others (New Haven, Yale University Press, 
1917). 

Newsholme, Sir Arthur, Public health and insurance: American ad¬ 
dresses, 1920 (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press, 1920). 

Oliver, Sir T., Diseases of occupation from legislative, social and 
medical points of view (London, Methuen, 1908). 

Overton, Frank, and Denno, W. J., The health officer (Philadelphia, 
Saunders, 1919). 

Price, G. M., Hygiene and public health (ed. 2, Philadelphia, Lea, 
1919). 

Ravenel, M. P., A half-century of public health (New York, American 
Public Health Association, 1921). 

Rosenau, M. J., The milk question (New York, Houghton, 1912). 

Rosenau, M. J., Preventive medicine and hygiene (ed. 3, New York, 
Appleton, 1917). 

Russell Sage Foundation. Dept, of surveys and exhibits, Methods of 
investigation in social and health problems, Oct. 27, 1916 (New 
York, Foundation). 



The Control of Poverty 


105 


Russell Sage Foundation. Dept, of surveys and exhibits, Relative 
values in public health work; by Franz Schneider, Jan. 1916 (New 
York, Foundation). 

Savage, W. G., Milk and the public health (London, Macmillan, 1912). 

Sedgwick, W. T., Principles of sanitary science and public health 
relating to the causation and prevention of infectious diseases 
(New York, Macmillan, 1918). 

Warren, B. S., and Sydenstricker, Edgar, Health insurance; its rela¬ 
tion to public health (U. S. Public health service, Bulletin no. 76, 
Mar. 1916). 

Webb, Sydney and Beatrice, The state and the doctor (London, Long¬ 
mans, 1910). 

Whipple, G. C., State sanitation; review of work of the Massachusetts 
state board of health (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1917). 


On housing, see: 

Alden, Percy, and Hayward, E. E., Housing (ed. 2, London, Headley, 
1907). 

Arnovici, Carol, Housing and the housing problem (Chicago, McClurg, 
1920). ' 

Ayres, L. P., Prospects for building construction in American cities 
(Cleveland, Foundation, 1922). 

Bashore, H. B., Overcrowding and defective housing in rural districts 
(New York, Wiley, 1915). 

California. Commission of immigration and housing, Annual reports, 
1914 to date (Sacramento, State Priuting Office). 

Chemical national bank of New York, Cost of a home; graphs 1914, 
1920, 1922 (Bulletin, Mar. 1922). 

Culpin, E. G., Garden city movement up to date (London, Garden 
Cities and Town Planning Association, 1913). 

Deforest, Robert, and Veiller, Lawrence, Tenement house problem 
(New York, Macmillan, 1903), vol. 2, pp. 101-147, 165-200, 201-347. 

Dick, J. L., Defective housing and the growth of children (London, 
King, 1919). 

Garden city association, Garden cities and town planning magazine; 
monthly, 1904 to date (London, Association). 

Garden city association, Housing in town and country; report of con¬ 
ference, Mar. 1906 (London, Association). 

George, W. L., Engines of social progress (London, Black, 1907), 
pp. 48-201. 

Godfrey, Hollis, Health of the city (Boston, Houghton, 1910). 


106 


Economics 180 


Great Britain. Ministry of health, Housing journal, 1918 to (late 
(London, H. M. Stationery Office). 

Harris, G. M., Garden city movement (London, Garden City Associa¬ 
tion, 1913). 

Hill, Octavia, Homes of the London poor (London, Macmillan, 1883). 

Hill, Octavia, House property and its management; methods of man¬ 
agement introduced by Octavia. Hill and adapted to modern condi¬ 
tions (New York, Macmillan, 1921). 

Horsfall, P. C., Improvement of the dwellings of the people (ed. 2, 
Manchester University Press, 1905). 

Knowles, Morris, Industrial housing (New York, McGraw, 1920). 

Massachusetts, City and town planning law, 1921. 

London county council. Housing of the working classes committee, 
Report of the committee, 1855-1912 (London County Council, 1913). 

Murphy, J. J., and others, Housing famine: a debate (New York, 
Dutton, 1920). 

Meakin, J. E. B., Model factories and villages (London, Unwin, 1905). 

National conference on housing, Housing problems in America; pro¬ 
ceedings, 1911 to date (Cambridge, Harvard University Press). 

Ontario. Bureau of municipal affairs, Report of bureau re housing 
and housing standards (Toronto, Government Printer, 1919). 

Philadelphia and national conferences on construction industries, Pro¬ 
ceedings, 1921 (Philadelphia, Chamber of Commerce, 1921). 

Rolertson, John, Housing and the public health (London, Cassell, 1919). 

Savage, W. G., Rural housing (London, Unwin, 1919). 

Sennett, A. R., Garden cities in theory and practice (London, Bemrose, 
1905). 

Taylor, G. R., Satellite cities (New York, Appleton, 1915). 

Thomas, J. H., Housing and health (in his When labour rules, pp. 67-83, 
1920). 

Thompson, W., Housing handbook (London, National Housing Reform 
Council, 1903). 

Thompson, W., Housing up to date (London, National Housing Re¬ 
form Council, 1907). 

U. S. Bureau of census, Dwellings and families (in Report on popu¬ 
lation, 1920). 

U. S. Bureau of census, Ownership of homes (in Report on popu¬ 
lation, 1920. 

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Government aid to home owning and 
housing of working people in foreign countries (Bulletin of labor, 
no. 158, Oct. 15, 1914). 


The Control of Poverty 


107 


TJ. S. Bureau of labor statistics, Housing of the working people, by 
E. R. L. Gould (Special report, no. 8, 1895). 

1J. S. Housing corporation, Final report of the corporation (Wash¬ 
ington, Government Printing Office, 1919), vol. 2. 

IT. S. President’s homes commission, Report of the commission (Wash¬ 
ington, Government Printing Office, 1919). 

Veiller, Lawrence, Are great cities a menace? The garden city a way 
out (National Housing Association, Publication, no. 57, Feb. 1922). 

Veiller, Lawrence, Housing reform (New York, Charities Publication 
Committee, 1910). 

Veiller, Lawrence, Model housing law (New York, Survey Associates, 
1920). 

Welsh housing and development association, Yearbooks, 1917 to date 
(Cardiff, Association). 

Wood, E. E., Housing of the unskilled worker (New York, Macmillan, 
1919). 

On the family as a social factor, see: 

Baldwin, W. H., Family desertion and non-support laws (New York, 
Kempster Printing Co., 1904). 

Bosanquet, Helen, The family (London, Macmillan, 1906). 

Breckinridge, S. P., and Abbott, Edith, Delinquent child and the 
home (New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1912). 

Chamberlain, A. F., The child (London, Scott, 1901). 

Coirard, Louis, La famille dans le Code civile, 1804-1904 (Paris, 
Larose, 1907). 

Colcord, Joanna, Broken homes; a study of family desertion and its 
social treatment (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1919). 

Dealey, J. Q., Family in its sociological aspects (Boston, Houghton, 
1912). 

Devine, E. T., Family and social work (New York, Association Press, 
1912). 

Donaldson, Sir James, Woman (London, Longmans, 1907). 

Gillette, J. M., Family and society (Chicago, McClurg, 1914). 

Goodsell, Willystine, History of the family as a social and educa¬ 
tional institution (New York, Macmillan, 1915). 

Grosse, Ernst, Die formen der familie und die formen der wirtschaft 
(Leipzig, Mohr, 1896). 

Howard, G. E., History of matrimonial institutions (London, Unwin, 
1904), vol. 1. 

Le Play, Frederic, L ’organisation de la famille selon le vrai modele 
signale par l’histoire de toutes les races et de tous les temps (ed. 4, 
Tours, Marne, 1895). 


108 


Economics 180 


Lowie, R. H., Primitive society (New York, Boni, 1920), chaps 2, 4, 8, 
15. 

Menge, E. J., Backgrounds for social workers (Boston, Badger, 1918). 

Morgan, L. H., Ancient society (New York, 1912). 

Parsons, E. C., The family (New York, Putnam, 1906). 

Patten, E. N., New basis of civilization (New York, Macmillan, 1912), 
chap. 3. 

Putnam, E. J., The lady (New York, Sturgis, 1913). 

Spencer, A. G., Family and its members (Philadelphia, Lippincott, 
1923). 

Starcke, C. N., Primitive family (ed. 2, London, Trench, 1896). 

Todd, A. J., Primitive family as an educational agency (New York, 
Putnam, 1913). 

Watson, F. D., Social work with families (Annals, vol. 77, 1918). 

Westermarck, E., History of human marriage (London, Macmillan, 
1909). 

Westermarck, E., Origin and development of moral ideas (New York, 
Macmillan, 1906-1908). J 

Whetham, W. C. D., and C. D., The family and the nation (London, 
Longmans, 1909). 

On recreation and poverty , see: 

Addams, Jane, Spirit of youth and the city streets (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1915). 

Appleton, L. E., Comparative study of play activities of adult savages 
and civilized children (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1910). 

Archibald, G. H., Power of play (London, Melrose, 1905). 

Blanchard, Phyllis, Adolescent girl (New York, Moffat, 1920). 

Breckinridge, S. P., and Abbott, Edith, Delinquent child and the home 
(New York, Charities Publication Committee, 1912). 

Burchenal, Elizabeth, Folk dances and singing games (New York, 
Schirmer, 1909-1913). 

Burns, Allen, Relation of playgrounds to juvenile delinquency (New 
York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1909). 

California. State recreational inquiry committee, Report of committee, 
Sept. 28, 1914 (Sacramento, State Printing Office). 

Chamberlain, A. F., The child (London, Scott, 1903), chap 4. 

Cleveland foundation. Survey committee, Cleveland recreation survey, 
1918-19,20 (Cleveland, Foundation). 

Commonwealth club of California, Public recreation (Transactions, 
vol. 8, June 1913). 

Condit, Abbie, Recreation (in American yearbook, pp. 413-17, 1919). 

Cooley, C. H., Human nature and the social order (New York, 
Scribner, 1902). 


The Control of Poverty 


109 


Crampton, C. W., The folk dance book (New York, Barnes, 1912). 
Curtis, H. S., Education through play (New York, Macmillan, 1915). 
Curtis, H. S., Play and recreation for the open country (Boston, Ginn, 
1914). 

Curtis, H. S., The play movement and its significance (New York, 
Macmillan, 1917). 

Davis, M. M., Jr., The commercial exploitation of pleasure (New York, 
Bussell Sage Foundation, 1911). 

Gross, Karl, Play of animals (New York, Appleton, 1898). 

Gross, Karl, Play of man (New York, Appleton, 1901). 

Gulick, L. H., Healthful art of dancing (Garden City, Doubleday, 

1911) . 

Gulick, L. IL, Philosophy of play (New York, Association Press, 1920). 
Hall, G. S., Adolescence (New York, Appleton, 1904), chap. 15, 16. 
Hall, G. S., Youth (New York, Appleton, 1907). 

Hartt, B. L., People at play (Boston, Houghton, 1909). 

Jevons, W. S., Amusements of the people (in his Methods of social 
reform, p. 1-28, Oct. 1878). 

Johnson, G. E., Education by plays and games (Boston, Ginn, 1907). 
Kelley, Florence, Some ethical gains through legislation (New York, 
Macmillan, 1905), chap. 3, 4. 

Lee, Joseph, Play in education (New York, Macmillan, 1915). 
McDougall, William, Introduction to social psychology (ed. 8, Boston, 
later ed., Luce, 1914), chap. 3, 12, 15. 

Miller, L. K., Children’s gardens for school and home (New York, 
Appleton, 1904). 

Patrick, G. T., The psychology of relaxation (Boston, Houghton, 1916). 
Patten, S. N., New basis of civilization (New York, Macmillan, 1912), 
chap. 6. 

Perry, C. A., Wider use of school plant (New York, Charities Publica¬ 
tion Committee, 1911). 

Playground and recreation association of America, Playground, vol. 1, 
April 1907 to date, Publications, 1907 to date. 

Bichmond, M. E., Good neighbor in the modern city (Philadelphia, 
Lippincott, 1907), pp. 28-44. 

Bovce, Josiah, Bace questions and other American problems (New 
York, Macmillan, 1908), chap. 5. 

Spargo, John, The bitter cry of the children (New York, Macmillan, 
1906), chap. 5. 

Travis, Thomas, The young malefactor (ed. 3, New York, Crowell, 

1912) , especially pp. 214-21. 

Weller, C. F., Neglected neighbors (Philadelphia, Winston, 1909), 
pp. 302-305. 


110 


Economics 180 


On the liquor traffic, see: 

American academy of political and social science, Regulation of liquor 
traffic (Annals, vol. 32, 1908). 

Aschaffenburg, Gustav, Crime and its repression; translated by A. 
Albrecht (Boston, Little, 1913), pp. 69-122. 

Bagnell, Robert, Economic and moral aspects of the liquor business, 
and rights and responsibilities of state in its control (New York, 
Columbia University Press, 1911). 

Billings, J. S., ed., Physiological aspects of the liquor problem (Boston, 
Houghton, 1903), pp. 307-96. 

Blakey, Leonard, Sale of liquor in the South: history of development 
of nominal social restraint in southern commonwealths (New York, 
Columbia University Press, 1912). 

Bonger, W. A., Criminality and economic conditions (Boston, Little, 
1916), pt. 2, chap. 4. 

Calkins, Raymond, Substitutes for the saloon (Boston, Houghton, 
(1901). 

Carver, T. N., Government control of liquor business in Great Britain 
and the United States (New York, Oxford University Press, 1919). 

George, J. E., Saloon question in Chicago (American Economic Asso¬ 
ciation, Economic studies, vol. 2, 1897). 

Hopkins, A. A., Wealth and waste (New York, Funk, 1895). 

Kelynack, T .N., ed., Drink problem in its medicosociological aspects 
(London, Methuen, 1916). 

Kerr, Norman, Inebriety (London, Lewis, 1916), chap. 1, 2, 11, 12. 

Koren, John, Alcohol and society (New York, Holt, 1916). 

Koren, John, Economic aspects of the liquor problem (Boston, 
Houghton, 1899). 

Macdonald, Arthur, Abnormal man (Washington, Government Print¬ 
ing Office, 1893), pp. 113-39. 

Partridge, G. E., Studies in psychology of intemperance (New York, 
Sturgis, 1912). 

Patrick, G. T. N., Psychology of relaxation (Boston, Houghton, 1916), 
chap. 5. 

Peabody, F. G., ed., Liquor problem; a summary of investigations 
conducted by the Committee of fifty, 1893-1903, prepared by J. S. 
Billings, C. W. Eliot, H. W., Farnam, J. L. Greene, R. Callsins, and 
F. L. Peabody (New York, Houghton, 1905). 

Pearson, Karl, and Elderton, E. M., A first study of the influence of 
parental alcoholism on physique and ability of offspring (London, 
Dulau, 1910). 

Pease, E. R., Case for municipal drink trade (London, King, 1904). 

Shaclwell, Arthur, Drink, temperance and legislation (New York, 
Longmans, 1915). 


The Control of Poverty 


111 


Sherwell, Arthur, Russian vodka monopoly (London, King, 1915). 

Sites, C. M. L., Centralized administration of liquor laws in American 
commonwealths (New York, Columbia University Press, 1899). 

Snowden, Philip, Socialism and the drink question (London, Inde¬ 
pendent Labour Party, 1908). 

Stelzle, Charles, Why prohibition! (New York, Doran, 1918). 

U. S. Bureau of labor, Economic aspects of the liquor problem (in 
Annual report of Commissioner of labor, 1897). 

Warner, H. S., Social welfare and the liquor problem (Chicago, Inter¬ 
collegiate Prohibition Association, 1913). 

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, History of liquor licensing in England, 
1700-1830 (London, Longmans, 1903). 

Williams, E. H., The question of alcohol (New York, Goodhue, 1914). 

Wines, F. H., and Koren, John, Liquor problem in its legislative 
aspects (ed. 2, Boston, Houghton, 1909). 

Woolley, J. G., and Johnson, W. E., Temperance progress in the cen¬ 
tury (Philadelphia, Linscott, 1903). 

On theatres, motion pictures, see: 

Dench, E. A., Motion picture education (Cincinnati, Standard Publish¬ 
ing Co., 1917). 

Harrt, R. L., The people at play (Boston, Houghton, 1919), pp. 1-41, 
153-90. 

Herts, A. M., The Children’s theatre (New York, Harper, 1911). 

Howe, P. P., The repertory theatre (London, Seeker, 1910). 

Miinsterberg, Hugo, Photoplay: a psychological study (New York, 
Appleton, 1916). 

Oberholtzer, E. P., The morals of the movies (Philadelphia, Pennsyl¬ 
vania Publishing Co., 1922). 

Phelan, J. J., Motion pictures as a phase of commercialized amuse¬ 
ment in Toledo (Toledo, Little Book Press, 1919). 

Wriglev, M. J., The film: its use in popular education (New York, 
Wilson, 1922). 

On dance halls, see: 

Bowen, L. H., Safeguards for city youth at work and at play (New 
York, Macmillan, 1914). 

Bostwick, A. L., Regulation of public dance halls: municipal legisla¬ 
tion (St. Louis Public Library,-Monthly bulletin, July 1914). 

Davis, M. M., The exploitation of pleasure: study of commercial rec¬ 
reations in New York City (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 
1911). 

Dodworth, Allen, Dancing and its relation to education and to social 
life (New York, Harper, 1900). 


112 


Economics 180 


Gulick, L. H., Healthful art of dancing (Garden City, Doubleday, 
1911). 

Israels, Belle, The way of the girl (Survey, vol. 22, pp. 486-97, July 3, 
1909). 

Juvenile protective association of Chicago, Publications, 1911 to date: 
Department store girls, 191.1; Five and ten cent theatres, 1911; 
Public dance halls of Chicago, 1917; Road to destruction made 
easy in Chicago, 1916 (Chicago, Association). 

On commmercialued vice, see: 

Addams, Jane, A new conscience and an ancient evil (New York, Mac¬ 
millan, 1912). 

Bingham, T. A., The girl who disappears (Boston, Badger, 1911). 

Bonger, W.* A., Criminality and economic conditions (Boston, Little, 
1916), pt. 2, chap. 3. 

Chicago. Vice commission, Social evil in Chicago (Chicago, Gunthrop- 
Warren Printing Co., 1911). 

Commonwealth club of California, Red plague (Transactions, vol. 6, 
May 1911; vol. 8, Aug. 1913). 

Flexner, Abraham, Prostitution in Europe (New York, Century, 1914). 

Hoyt, F. C., Quicksands of youth (New York, Scribner, 1921). 

Illinois. Senate vice committee, Report, 1916 (Springfield, State 
Printer, 1916). 

Janney, O. E., White slave traffic in America (New York, National 
Vigilance Committee, 1911). 

Kaufmann, R. W., The girl that goes wrong (New York, Macaulay, 
1911)’. 

Kneeland, G. J., Commercialized prostitution in New York City (New 
York, Century, 1913), pp. 67-74. 

Mareha.nt, James, The master problem (New York, Moffat, 1917). 

Miner, M. E., Slavery of prostitution: a plea for emancipation (New 
York, Macmillan, 1916). 

New York city. Committee of fifteen, Social evil, with special refer¬ 
ence to New York city (ed. 2, New York, Putnam, 1912). 

New York city. Committee of fourteen, Social evil in New York 
city: a study of law enforcement by the Research committee (New 
York, Kellogg, 1910). 

New York city. Committee of fourteen, Department store investiga¬ 
tion: report of subcommittee, 1915 (New York, Committee). 

Portland vice commission, Report, Jan. 1912 (Portland, Commission, 
1913). 

Wisconsin. Legislative vice committee, Report, Nov. 2, 1914 (Madi¬ 
son, Democrat Printing Co., 1914). 


SYLLABUS SERIES—(Continued) 


121. Outline of a Course in Algebra for Prospective Teachers. August, 

1920. Price, 50 cents. 

122. Slavic 32. Kochanowski Laments. October, 1920. Price, 30 cents. 

123. Economics 180. The Control of Poverty. November, 1920. Price, 

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125. Hydraulic Tables. Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engi¬ 

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126. Bacteriology 101. Laboratory Manual in Medical Bacteriology. July, 

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127. Civil Engineering 1. Manual of Instructions. 1923. Price, 25 cents. 

134. The Use of the Library. November, 1921. Price, 15 cents. 

135. The B N A arranged as an outline of regional anatomy. 1921. Cloth, 

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136. Anthropology 1b. Syllabus and Instructions. 1921-1922. January, 

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137. Drafting Room Practice. A Brief Guide for Students of Machine 

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139. Junior Latin Plays. 1922. Price, 25 cents. 

140. English 1. Modern Book Reviews. 1922. Price, 15 cents. 

141. Engineering Mechanics. Part III, Kinematics. 1922. Price, 60 cents. 

142. Zoology 1a. General Zoology. Laboratory Instructions. August, 

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143. Military 1b. Musketry. September, 1922. Price, 50 cents. 

144. Modern European History. Revised, May, 1923. Price, 25 cents. 

145. Anthropology 1a. Syllabus and Instructions. August, 1922. Price, 

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146. Economics 14a. Principles of Accounting. August, 1922. Price, 

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147. Infantry Weapons. October, 1922. Price, 30 cents. 

148. Anthropology 1b. Syllabus and Instructions. January, 1923. Price, 

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149. Geography lc. Geography of Land Forms. Laboratory Exercises. 

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150. Ad Alpes. By Herbert C. Nutting. March, 1923. Price, 80 cents. 

151. Anthropology 1 a. Syllabus and Instructions. July, 1923. Price, 

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152. Economics 1 a-1b. Principles of Economics. August, 1923. Price, 

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153. Economics 14 a. Princples of Accounting. August, 1923. Price, 60 

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154. Economics 180. The Control of Poverty. August, 1923. Price, 

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